Chemistry Final Exam Review

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Across
  1. 4. Molecule with a partial charge due to sharing electrons unequally
  2. 9. When an electron pair is shared by two atoms
  3. 10. massless packet of energy, which behaves like both a wave and a particle
  4. 13. Substances initially present in a chemical reaction
  5. 14. energy required for a reaction to occur and can be lowered by a catalyst
  6. 15. the central part of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons. Plural=nuclei
  7. 17. the pressure exerted by a certain gas in a mixture
  8. 18. strong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N
  9. 22. The study of the relationships between amounts of products and reactants
  10. 24. The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
  11. 26. common units for measuring pressure
  12. 28. intermolecular forces that exist between polar molecules. Active only when the molecules are close together. The strengths of intermolecular attractions increase when polarity increases
  13. 30. In Lewis structures, the goal is to make almost all atoms have this structure. This means they will have access to (8) electrons regularly, even if they do have to share some of them
  14. 31. number representing the number of molecules in (1) mole: 6.02 * 10 to the 23 power
  15. 32. when substances combine with oxygen and release energy
  16. 34. Particle found in a nucleus with a positive charge. Number of these gives the atomic number
  17. 36. Solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Plasma is a "soup" of disassociated nuclei and electrons, normally found only in stellar objects
  18. 38. type of reaction where a single element breaks a part a compound to form a new single element and compound
  19. 39. the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
  20. 40. The study of temperature, pressure, volume and energy flow in chemical reactions
  21. 42. The SI unit of temperature. It is temperature in degrees Celsius plus 273.15
  22. 45. Substance containing an element which decays
  23. 46. value that expresses how far the reaction proceeds before reaching equilibrium. A small number means that equilibrium is towards the reactants side while a large number means that the equilibrium is towards the product side
  24. 47. The relative size of two quantities expressed as the quotient of one divided by the other; a:b or a/b
  25. 48. complete range of wavelengths which light can have. These include infrared, ultraviolet and all other types of radiation as well as visible light
  26. 50. an object that does not have a positive or negative charge
  27. 51. change of an element into a different element, usually with some other particle(s) of energy emitted
  28. 52. Standard Temperature and Pressure. 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm
  29. 55. the amount of time it takes for half an initial amount to disintegrate
  30. 56. Set of numbers used to completely describe an electron
  31. 61. compound that gives off H+ ions in solution
  32. 62. grouping of the known elements by their number of protons. There are many other trends such as size of elements and electronegativity that are easily expressed in terms of the periodic table
  33. 63. shape of a molecule, based on the relative position of the atoms
  34. 64. shows the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule
  35. 66. properties of a solution that depend only on the number of particles dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles themselves. The main ones are boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
  36. 67. On a periodic curve, the length between two consecutive troughs (low points) or peaks (high points)
  37. 68. measures the acidity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydrogen ions in a substance
  38. 69. The process used to take a solution of unknown concentration with a solution of a known concentration for the purpose of finding out more about the unknown solution
  39. 71. the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per liter of solution. used to express the concentration of a solution
  40. 74. when an atom is bonded to another atom by two sets of electron pairs
  41. 76. type of reaction that breaks down the reactant into 2 or more products
  42. 77. process that gives off heat to the environment
  43. 79. the combined mass (as given on the periodic table) of all the elements in a compound
  44. 82. Substances capable of donating hydrogen but do not completely ionize in solution
  45. 85. more solute can be added and it will dissolve
  46. 86. processes or events that have altered the fundamental structure of something
  47. 88. a collection of 6.022 * 10 to the 23 power number of objects. Usually used to mean molecules
  48. 89. removing or adding electrons to an atom creates an ... (a charged object very similar to an attom)
  49. 90. measure of the disorder of a system
  50. 91. when the reactants and products are in a constant ratio. The forward reaction and the reverse reactions occur at the same rate when a system is in this state
Down
  1. 1. energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom
  2. 2. He made significant contributions to the atom. He understood the line spectra--the reason why only certain wavelengths are emitted when atoms jump down levels
  3. 3. two or more atoms joined together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds
  4. 5. The amount of heat it takes for a substance to be raised by one degree Celsius
  5. 6. have properties of both metals and nonmetals
  6. 7. breaking down of a compound into its components to form ions from an ionic substance
  7. 8. Measures the size of an object using length measurements in three dimensions
  8. 10. The compounds that are formed when a reaction goes to completion
  9. 11. two or more atoms chemically combined
  10. 12. describes an object's ability to repel or attract other objects. Protons have a positive ...while electrons have a negative... Like ...repel each other, while opposites attract.
  11. 16. elements with the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons, and thus different masses
  12. 19. forces between molecules
  13. 20. the amount of a substance in a specified space
  14. 21. on the left of the periodic table, good conductors, high melting points, and malleable
  15. 23. the principle states that it is not possible to know a particle's location and momentum precisely at any time
  16. 25. measure of a substance's ability to attract electrons
  17. 27. Measures the basicity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydroxide ions
  18. 29. an energy state in the atomic model which describes where an element’s electron will likely be (s, p, d, f)
  19. 33. Ionic compounds that can be formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen ions of an acid with another positive ion
  20. 35. Mixture of a solid and a liquid where the solid never settles out, for example, saltwater
  21. 37. mass per unit volume of a substance
  22. 41. formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound
  23. 43. states that a system at equilibrium will oppose any change in the equilibrium conditions
  24. 44. use this law to calculate the number of moles or mass of a gas at certain temperatures, pressures, and volumes
  25. 49. The number related to the amount of energy an electron has and therefore describing which shell the electron is in
  26. 53. that absorbs heat from its surroundings as the reaction proceeds
  27. 54. substances that speed up a chemical process by lowering the activation energy
  28. 57. Energy in the form of photons
  29. 58. a particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is almost identical in mass to a proton, but carries no electrical charge
  30. 59. tells you the amounts of each element in a compound based on percentages
  31. 60. when two atoms share at least one pair of electrons
  32. 65. weakest type for nuclear radiation and resembles a helium nucleus
  33. 70. Liquid in which something is dissolved, for example the water in saltwater
  34. 72. substance consisting of only one type of atom
  35. 73. number of protons in an element
  36. 75. number of events in a given unit of time. When describing a moving wave, means the number of peaks which would pass a stationary point in a given amount of time
  37. 78. when two oppositely charged atoms transfer electrons to form this type of bond
  38. 80. ions with a negative charge
  39. 81. The substance (solid, liquid or gas) dissolved in a solution, for example, the salt in saltwater
  40. 83. ion with positive charge
  41. 84. substance which gives off hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution
  42. 87. the smallest object that retains properties of an element