China

2. The legitimacy behind the rule of the emperor of China was the … of Heaven.
6. Whoever wanted to acquire official ranks and posts first had to pass the imperial … system (local, provincial, and metropolitan level).
7. A province of modern China: huge region west of ‘China proper’ that was conquered under emperor Qianlong (r. 1735-1796), characterised by the highest mountains on earth.
9. In the middle of the Second Opium War (1856-1860) the Treaty of … opened further treaty ports.
11. The country through which the Yangzi flows.
12. Some scholars have argued that in the late 19th century China saw a move from ‘culturalism’ to …
14. A large Chinese city that is known for its distinctive Sino-Western character since the late 19th century; thousands of elite refugees fled here during the 1860s civil war.
17. The First Opium War (1839-1842) ended with the Treaty of…
18. The Qing official Lin Zexu tried to suppress the import of this product by burning huge amounts of it in 1839.
19. At the time the Chinese desired opium from the British, the British desired from the Chinese…

1. Between 1876-1879, ten millions died in the Great North China …
3. According to the article by Wong (1997), “Confucian Agendas” (required reading week 1), local elites in late imperial China stabilised social order through two means: welfare and …
4. There were around 1,500 of them across the empire, running local administration.
5. The probably most influential school of thought in China related to philosophy, ethics, and governance.
8. An influential religion in China: the Qing used its symbols for political authority in Mongolia and Tibet.
10. A province of modern China: huge region northwest of ‘China proper’ that was conquered under emperor Qianlong (r. 1735-1796), characterised by desert and mountains.
13. They started a massive rebellion against the Qing dynasty in 1851, conquered Nanjing in 1853, and were defeated by the Qing and international forces in 1864.
15. While the Ming was a Chinese-ruled dynasty, the Qing was a …-ruled dynasty.
16. The only product/payment the Chinese would accept from the British in the era before the Opium Wars.