Civil War & Reconstruction

1. Constitutional amendment that established citizenship and guaranteed due process and equal protection under the law.
3. Republicans who wanted stronger protections and political rights for formerly enslaved people during Reconstruction.
5. Law requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to slavery and requiring assistance in their capture.
8. The federal government's goal of preventing the country from breaking apart during the Civil War.
12. Laws that enforced racial separation and discrimination in the South, especially after Reconstruction.
14. The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was constitutional as long as supposedly equal facilities were provided.
15. Supreme Court case that ruled African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories.
16. During Reconstruction, Southern states created restrictions that limited the freedom and opportunities of formerly enslaved people.
18. Abraham Lincoln won the presidency while receiving almost no support from Southern states, contributing to Southern fears and secession.
19. Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy by blockading Southern ports and controlling the Mississippi River.
21. Agreement that attempted to reduce sectional conflict over slavery, including California entering as a free state and a stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

2. Lincoln’s wartime order that declared enslaved people in areas rebelling against the Union free and encouraged African American men to join the Union Army.
4. The United States gained new land in the West, raising the question of whether slavery would expand into those territories.
6. Violence erupted in Kansas as pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups fought over the future of slavery in the territory.
7. Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction; some Southerners accused them of exploiting the South for political or economic gain.
9. Federal officials provided assistance such as education, food, employment help, and legal support to people struggling after the Civil War.
10. Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery in the United States.
11. Constitutional amendment that protected African American men’s right to vote.
13. Americans increasingly identified with their region, causing disagreements between the North and South to become more intense.
17. System in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops, often limiting economic independence.
20. System in which people became trapped working to pay off debts they could not easily escape