Civil War Vocab

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Across
  1. 3. A steam-powered warship protected by iron armor plating; first used in combat during the Civil War.
  2. 4. , Northern migrants who moved to the South after the war; often involved in politics, business, or education.
  3. 8. of Loyalty , Sworn pledge to support the U.S. Constitution; required of ex-Confederates to regain citizenship and voting rights.
  4. 9. ,The act of freeing enslaved people; in the Civil War context, linked to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (1863).
  5. 13. Proclamation
  6. 15. Process , Legal requirement that the government must respect all rights owed to individuals; enshrined in the 14th Amendment.
  7. 17. , Formal approval of constitutional amendments; crucial for the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments during Reconstruction.
  8. 18. Corpus, Legal protection requiring authorities to show cause for imprisonment; suspended by Lincoln during the war.
  9. 20. ,1863 battle in Pennsylvania; turning point of the war, Union victory halted Lee’s northern advance.
Down
  1. 1. , Labor system where former enslaved people worked land for a share of the crop; kept many in debt.
  2. 2. , White Southerners who supported Reconstruction and joined the Republican Party; viewed as traitors by other Southerners.
  3. 5. Courthouse , Site in Virginia where Robert E. Lee formally surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865.
  4. 6. Acts ,Congressional laws (1867) dividing the South into military districts and requiring new state constitutions protecting Black rights.
  5. 7. , Legal requirement for citizens to join military service; the Confederacy used it first, the Union soon after.
  6. 10. Term applied to escaped enslaved people who reached Union lines; they were not returned to owners and often worked for the Union
  7. 11. The side of a military formation; attacking an enemy's flank can bypass their strongest defenses.
  8. 12. A military strategy of wearing down an enemy through continuous losses in personnel, supplies, and morale.
  9. 14. Farming , Similar to sharecropping, but tenants rented land and had slightly more economic independence.
  10. 16. , 1863 siege in Mississippi; gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in half.
  11. 19. A government pardon for political offenses; granted to former Confederates under certain conditions.