Cold War

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Across
  1. 3. he refused to sign an affidavit indicating whether he had ever been a member of the Communist Party; the State Department revoked his passport for eight years. During that time, he was unable to perform abroad and was blacklisted at home. His income fell from $150,000 a year to $3,000 a year.
  2. 5. This made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the United States. Truman vetoed the bill, saying, “In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they have.” But Congress enacted the law over Truman’s veto.
  3. 7. 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961, known for his leadership during World War II and his policy of containment during the Cold War.
  4. 10. American citizens convicted and executed in 1953 for espionage-related charges, accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
  5. 11. U.S. foreign policy announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, pledging to support nations threatened by communist expansionism, particularly in Greece and Turkey.
  6. 14. American government official accused of being a Soviet spy during the Cold War, convicted of perjury in 1950 for lying about his communist affiliations.
  7. 19. Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
  8. 20. Hydrogen bomb, a thermonuclear weapon with much greater destructive power than atomic bombs, developed during the Cold War arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
  9. 24. U.S. foreign policy initiative announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957, pledging military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communism.
  10. 27. line
  11. 28. A young conservative Republican congressman named Richard Nixon gained fame for pursuing the charges against Hiss. Within four years of the highly publicized case, Nixon was elected vice president of the United States.
  12. 32. Foreign policy strategy involving the willingness to risk war in order to protect national interests, particularly associated with the Cold War era.
  13. 36. Military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states in response to the establishment of NATO.
  14. 37. On the night of April 17, 1961, some 1,300 to 1,500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on the island’s southern coast at Bahia de Cochinos, the Bay of Pigs. Nothing went as planned. An air strike had failed to knock out the Cuban air force, although the CIA reported that it had succeeded. A small advance group sent to distract Castro’s forces never reached shore. When the main unit landed, it lacked American air support as it faced 25,000 Cuban troops backed up by Soviet tanks and jets. Some of the invading exiles were killed, others imprisoned.
  15. 38. Incident in 1960 in which the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane, causing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
  16. 39. List of individuals or organizations deemed to be subversive or disloyal, particularly with regard to communist sympathies, resulting in their exclusion from employment or other opportunities.
  17. 40. Group of Hollywood film industry professionals who were blacklisted and jailed for contempt of Congress after refusing to testify before HUAC about their alleged communist affiliations.
  18. 41. Term used to describe the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence, particularly associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist crusade.
  19. 42. Its purpose was to investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. government. The U.S. attorney general drew up a list of 91 “subversive” organizations; membership in any of these groups was grounds for suspicion.
Down
  1. 1. In the Atlantic Ocean, Soviet ships—presumably carrying more missiles—headed toward Cuba, while the U.S. Navy prepared to quarantine Cuba and prevent the ships from coming within 500 miles of it. In Florida, 100,000 troops waited—the largest invasion force ever assembled in the United States.
  2. 2. Conflict fought from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, supported by China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, supported by the United Nations and primarily the United States.
  3. 4. Kennedy increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces—nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and artillery—and to create an elite branch of the army called the Special Forces, or Green Berets. He also tripled the overall nuclear capabilities of the United States. These changes enabled the United States to fight limited wars around the world while maintaining a balance of nuclear power with the Soviet Union. However, even as Kennedy hoped to reduce the risk of nuclear war, the world came perilously close to nuclear war under his command as a crisis arose over the island of Cuba.
  4. 6. the German-born physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted giving the Soviet Union information about America’s atomic bomb. The information probably enabled Soviet scientists to develop their own atomic bomb years earlier than they would have otherwise
  5. 8. A country politically and economically dependent on another nation, particularly used to describe Eastern European countries under Soviet influence during the Cold War.
  6. 9. U.S. government agency responsible for gathering intelligence and conducting covert operations abroad, established in 1947.
  7. 12. Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the ideological and physical division of Europe between Western capitalist democracies and Eastern communist bloc countries during the Cold War.
  8. 13. Chinese nationalist leader who fought against the communists during the Chinese Civil War and later led the Republic of China (Taiwan) until his death in 1975.
  9. 15. Crisis: Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. During the summer of 1962, the flow to Cuba of Soviet weapons—including nuclear missiles—increased greatly. President Kennedy responded with a warning that America would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. Then, on October 14, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba—and some contained missiles ready to launch. They could reach U.S. cities in minutes. On October 22, Kennedy informed an anxious nation of the existence of Soviet missile sites in Cuba and of his plans to remove them. He made it clear that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the Soviet Union next six days, the world faced the terrifying possibility of nuclear war. In the Atlantic Ocean, Soviet ships—presumably carrying more missiles—headed toward Cuba
  10. 16. Line of latitude that divided North and South Korea following World War II and became the de facto border between the two countries after the Korean War.
  11. 17. Military alliance formed in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to counter Soviet aggression and promote collective defense.
  12. 18. Allied operation in 1948-1949 to airlift supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union blockaded the city in an attempt to force Western withdrawal.
  13. 21. Castro openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union. Castro gained power with the promise of democracy. From 1956 to 1959, he led a guerrilla movement to topple dictator Fulgencio Batista. He won control in 1959 and later told reporters, “Revolutionaries are not born, they are made by poverty, inequality, and dictatorship.” He then promised to eliminate these conditions from Cuba.
  14. 22. Island nation off the southeastern coast of China, formerly known as Formosa, where the nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek fled after losing the Chinese Civil War to the communists.
  15. 23. U.S. Senator from Wisconsin who led a campaign of anti-communist hysteria and persecution during the early Cold War period, known as McCarthyism.
  16. 25. Soviet leader who succeeded Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, known for his policy of de-Stalinization and for leading the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
  17. 26. U.S. foreign policy strategy during the Cold War aimed at preventing the spread of communism, particularly by confronting Soviet expansionism through diplomatic, economic, and military means.
  18. 29. declared their crime “worse than murder.” To him, they were directly responsible for one of the deadliest clashes of the Cold War.
  19. 30. U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, known for his staunch anti-communism and advocacy of brinkmanship in foreign policy.
  20. 31. Period of geopolitical tension and rivalry between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies, lasting from the late 1940s to the early 1990s.
  21. 33. American pilot shot down and captured by the Soviet Union in 1960 while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet territory in a U-2 spy plane.
  22. 34. became the 35th president of the United States on a crisp and sparkling day in January 1961.
  23. 35. House Un-American Activities Committee, a congressional committee established to investigate communist infiltration and subversion in the United States during the Cold War.