Network Access

1. ________ twisted-pair (UTP) is the most common type of cable for Ethernet networks, consisting of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference.
4. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision ________ (CSMA/CA) is a method used in wireless networks to avoid collisions, where devices use a randomized backoff mechanism before transmitting.
8. _______ Link Control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the Data Link layer, responsible for managing communication between network devices.
13. _____________ interference (EMI) is unwanted electrical or magnetic energy that can interfere with signal transmission.
14. ________ cable (coax) is a type of cable with a central conductor surrounded by a shield and insulation, used for high-speed data and video transmission.
15. ________ topology is the way data flows between devices on a network, independent of the physical layout.
16. ________ topology is the physical layout of devices and cables in a network (e.g., bus, star, ring).
18. The rate of usable data delivered to the application layer, factoring in protocol overhead and retransmissions.
19. ________ circuit is a logical connection between two devices on a network that appears as a dedicated link, even though it may share physical resources with other connections.
20. ________-optic cable is a cable that transmits data using light signals through thin glass or plastic fibers, offering high bandwidth and immunity to EMI.

2. ________ twisted-pair (STP) is a type of cable with additional shielding to further reduce interference, often used in environments with high EMI.
3. The capacity of a communication channel to transmit data, measured in bits per second (bps).
5. The actual rate of data transfer over a network, often lower than bandwidth due to overhead and network conditions.
6. ________ encoding is a method of encoding digital data for transmission, where a transition (high-to-low or low-to-high) is used to represent each bit.
7. Unwanted coupling of signals from one wire or circuit to another.
9. Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision ________ (CSMA/CD) is a method used in Ethernet networks to manage access to the shared medium, where devices listen for network traffic before transmitting and detect collisions.
10. _______ Access Control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the Data Link layer, responsible for controlling access to the physical medium and addressing devices on a network.
11. ______ frequency interference (RFI) is a type of EMI specifically in the radio frequency spectrum.
12. ______-duplex is communication in which data can flow in both directions simultaneously.
17. ______ -duplex is communication in which data can flow in only one direction at a time.