Criminal Law

2. "A decision to bring about, in so far as it lies within the accused power, no matter whether the accused desired that consequence or not."
4. D poured paraffin through a letterbox and set it alight resulting in the death of a child. Held that high probability wasnt the same as near certainty and the jury may have convicted D on the former rather than the latter. Convicted of manslaughter.
6. The appreciation of a certainty or virtual (near) certainty was now the reccomended test as explained in R v Nedrick
7. When you intend for the consequence of an action.
9. Guilty Mind
10. "Foresight of consequences, as an element bearing on the issue of intention in murder, or indeed any other crime of specific intent, belongs, not to the substantive law, but to the law of evidence"

1. British radio broadcaster in ww2 germany. Broadcasted for nazis since family was threatened. Convicted at trial.
3. Covers the situation where the consequence is foreseen by the defendant as virtually certain, although it isn't the consequence desired.
4. A person behaves in a way that there is a high risk that harm will result.
5. If present for any criminal offence, will normally satisfy the requirements for mens rea.
8. D lost his temper with his 3yo son and threw the child at a hard surface, causing head injuries where the child died. The HoL approved the 'virtual certainty' formula.