Crossword

6. Renaissance intellectual movement focusing on human potential, reason, and classical learning.
9. Death — A devastating plague (1347–1351) that killed up to one-third of Europe’s population.
12. A peasant bound to a lord’s land, providing labor in return for protection.
14. A political and social system where land was exchanged for loyalty and military service.
16. A knight’s code of conduct emphasizing bravery, honor, and protection of the weak.
18. A cultural rebirth (1300s–1600s) emphasizing art, learning, and classical ideas.
19. Non-religious; focused on worldly matters.
20. A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
22. Describing an ideal, perfect society; inspired by Thomas More’s Utopia.
23. Nomadic warriors who built the largest land empire in history under Genghis Khan.
24. A 1215 English charter limiting the king’s power and establishing rule of law.

1. Germanic peoples who settled in England after Roman rule and shaped early English culture.
2. Charging interest on loans; considered sinful by the medieval Church.
3. A powerful Germanic kingdom in Western Europe; Charlemagne was their most famous ruler.
4. Nomadic horsemen from Central Asia who raided Europe before settling in modern Hungary.
5. The land granted to a vassal by a lord under feudalism.
7. Refers to the Middle Ages (roughly 500–1500 CE).
8. A Catholic court established to enforce religious uniformity in Spain, often through persecution.
10. Groups such as the Goths, Vandals, and Saxons who migrated across Europe after the fall of Rome, shaping early medieval kingdoms.
11. A wealthy supporter of artists, writers, or scholars during the Renaissance.
13. A long conflict (1337–1453) between England and France over territory and royal succession.
15. The lord’s estate; the economic center of medieval rural life.
17. A noble who swore loyalty to a lord in exchange for land and protection.
21. A legal system based on court decisions and customs rather than written codes.