Culture and Cognition

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Across
  1. 2. attributions,Attributions that locate the cause of behavior outside of a person, such as other people, nature, or acts of God; those are also known as situational dispositions.
  2. 5. attribution error,A tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one’s own behaviors using external attributions; also know. As correspondence bias.
  3. 7. orientation hypothesis,The hypothesis that cultural differences in individualism versus collectivism are associated with differences in social orientation patterns that affect the ways individuals attend to and think about their worlds.
  4. 9. attributions,Refer to internal attributions.
  5. 10. process of gathering information about the world through our senses; our initial interpretations of sensations.
  6. 12. vs. holistic cognition,A theoretical framework that posits cultural differences between Western and East Asian cultures across several cognitive domains. In this framework, Western cognitive style is analytic; logical; focused on cause-effect linkages among specific, key variables or objects; deterministic and precise. East Asian cognitive style is holistic, focused on systems, interrelationships, mutual interdependence, and multiplicity of explanations.
  7. 13. bias,A bias in which people tend to attribute good deeds and successes to their own internal attributions but attribute bad deeds or failures to external factors.
  8. 16. foreshortening theory,A theory of perception that suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance. Because we interpret the vertical line in the horizontal-vertical illusion as extending away from us, we see it as longer.
  9. 18. dispositions,Refer to external attributions.
  10. 19. three dimensions in two,A theory of perception that suggests that people in Western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures, and in particular spend more time learning to interpret pictures.
  11. 20. stratification hypothesis,The idea that gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women.
  12. 21. intelligence,The general ability of a group to perform a wide variety of tasks.
  13. 23. logical determinism,A tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no, one-or-the-other types of categories.
  14. 26. A method used to determine if one stimulus affects another. Refer also to related discussion in Chapter 2.
  15. 28. people make about the causes of events or behaviors, their own as well as others’.
  16. 29. attributions,Attributions that specify the cause of behavior within a person; also known as dispositional attributions, because they are attributions about people’s dispositions.
Down
  1. 1. process by which objects are grouped or classified together based on their perceived similarities.
  2. 3. bias,Refer to fundamental attribution error.
  3. 4. bias,The process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome.
  4. 6. dialectivism,A constellation of lay beliefs about the nature of the world (rather than a cognitive style as suggested by dialectical thinking). Naïve dialecticism is characterized by the doctrine of the mean, or the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle.
  5. 8. focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli, more of whose features are noted and processed in more depth than is true of nonfocal stimuli.
  6. 11. cognition,An area of study that examines cognitive skills and abilities that are used in everyday functioning that appear to develop without formal education, but from performing daily tasks of living and working.
  7. 14. vs. holistic perceptions,Analytic perception is a context-independent perceptual process that focuses on a salient object independently from the context in which it is embedded. Holistic perception is a context-dependent perceptual process that attends to associations among multiple objects.
  8. 15. thinking,The tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions in thought or beliefs.
  9. 17. threat,The threat that others’ judgments or one’s own actions will negatively stereotype one in a domain (such as academic achievement).
  10. 19. position effect,The finding that people tend to remember something better if it is either the first or the last item in a list.
  11. 22. denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge.
  12. 24. feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sight, or hearing.
  13. 25. illusions,Perceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks and what it actually is.
  14. 27. world theory,A theory of perception that suggests that people (at least most Americans) are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape, and thus unconsciously accept things to have square corners.