CW Puzzle

123456789101112131415161718192021
Across
  1. 1. A non-probability sampling method where the researcher selects participants who are easily accessible and willing to participate. This method is often quick and inexpensive but can lead to a sample that is not representative of the population.
  2. 3. A descriptive research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment without any manipulation. This is useful for describing behaviors as they occur spontaneously but does not allow for control or cause-and-effect conclusions.
  3. 4. Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. In an experiment, there are independent variables (the ones being manipulated) and dependent variables (the ones being measured).
  4. 8. An in-depth investigation of a single subject, group, or event. It provides rich, detailed information but the findings may not be generalizable to the wider population.
  5. 9. A research method used to determine the relationship between two or more variables. This type of study can show a relationship exists but cannot prove causation.
  6. 13. The entire group of individuals that a researcher is interested in and from which a sample is drawn.
  7. 14. Assignment A procedure for placing participants into experimental and control groups by chance. This minimizes pre-existing differences between the groups and is a key feature of a true experiment.
  8. 15. A researcher's expectations or beliefs about the outcome of a study that can influence the results. This can be unconscious and can affect how they interact with participants or interpret data.
  9. 17. A collection of individuals who are part of a study. In an experiment, this typically refers to the experimental group (which receives the treatment or manipulation) and the control group (which does not).
  10. 18. The principle that a scientific hypothesis or theory must be stated in such a way that it can be proven wrong. If a hypothesis is not falsifiable, it is not considered scientific.
  11. 19. A research method for collecting data from a sample of people through questions, often in the form of a questionnaire or interview. Surveys are useful for gathering a large amount of information quickly.
  12. 20. Factor other than the independent variable that may cause a result. A researcher must try to control or eliminate these to ensure that the independent variable is the true cause of any observed effects.
  13. 21. A strong desire to know or learn something. It is the driving force behind scientific inquiry and exploration.
Down
  1. 2. A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By using random assignment of participants, the experiment aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
  2. 5. A method of selecting a sample from a population in which each member has an equal chance of being included. This helps to create a sample that is representative of the larger population.
  3. 6. A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. It's a specific, verifiable statement that describes what you expect to happen in a study.
  4. 7. Definition A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, "anxiety" might be operationally defined as a score on a specific anxiety questionnaire or as the number of times a person fidgets in a given minute. This allows for clear, repeatable measurements.
  5. 10. The tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. This can lead to inaccurate or misleading self-reported data.
  6. 11. The ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning. While it can be a source of ideas, it is not a reliable basis for scientific conclusions as it is prone to cognitive biases.
  7. 12. The "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
  8. 16. A situation in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others. This results in a non-representative sample and can lead to flawed conclusions.