DNA Function 2022

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Across
  1. 3. the first step of translation or transcription
  2. 6. The term that indicates that the two complementary strands of DNA are running in opposite directions
  3. 10. A tumor that has not metastasized or invaded surrounding tissue; non-cancerous
  4. 14. mRNA before processing
  5. 18. region of DNA that is part of a gene that will be expressed
  6. 21. structure containing many genes in specific locations and composed of tightly wound DNA and histones
  7. 23. the enzyme responsible for proofreading newly replicated DNA
  8. 24. the process that results in more than one protein per gene
  9. 25. Disease resulting from multiple mutations, especially of genes that control cell division
  10. 26. the location on the ribosome where translation begins
  11. 27. substance that causes mutation leading to cancer
  12. 28. a mutation involving only one nucleotide
  13. 30. specific location on a chromosome
  14. 32. the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing mRNA during transcription
  15. 34. organelle that is the site of protein synthesis; composed of RNA and protein
  16. 36. the amino acid associated with a “start” codon (AUG)
  17. 37. If the percentage of thymine in a cell is 35%, what is the percentage of guanine?
  18. 38. A pile-up of cells that is the result of uncontrolled cell division
  19. 40. the study of the control of gene expression
  20. 41. The term that recognizes that the daughter strands each received ½ of the parental strand but are also composed of a newly constructed strand
  21. 43. Tumor cells migrate and spread cancer to additional locations
  22. 45. the enzyme that adds nucleotides to a growing daughter strand during replication
  23. 47. The enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments
  24. 48. The modification and activation of proteins after synthesis is an example of _____ control.
  25. 50. a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotides, resulting in a frameshift
  26. 51. The surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid for analysis to determine if cancer is present
Down
  1. 1. Change in the sequence of DNA; may occur due to replication error or damage caused by carcinogens
  2. 2. sequence of DNA at tips of chromosomes that limits the number of times a cell can divide
  3. 4. DNA sequences that can move within the genome
  4. 5. region of DNA where RNA polymerase first binds to begin transcription
  5. 7. region of DNA preceding some genes where transcription activators can bind to increase the rate
  6. 8. the inactivated X chromosome found in all cells of females; consists of highly condensed heterochromatin
  7. 9. The _____ strand is copied continuously
  8. 11. process by which stem cells become specific types of cells
  9. 12. Organs of the lymphatic system that filter fluids deposited by the circulatory system; if cancer is detected here, it indicates metastasis has occurred
  10. 13. the type of weak bond that connects complementary nitrogenous bases
  11. 15. alternative versions of genes
  12. 16. mutation in which the changed codon results in the same amino acid
  13. 17. a type of pretranscriptional control in which a methyl is added to cytosine
  14. 19. The disconnected pieces of the lagging strand of DNA
  15. 20. site of ribosome synthesis
  16. 22. Tumors that have invaded the surrounding tissue or metastasized; cancerous
  17. 29. unit of heredity existing at a particular location on a chromosome; codes for a functional product, usually a protein
  18. 31. the product of gene expression
  19. 33. inactive, condensed chromatin in a Barr body
  20. 35. The enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA so it can replicate
  21. 39. mechanism of translational gene control; determines how long a transcript may remain active before being destroyed by ribonucleases
  22. 40. the study of the control of gene expression
  23. 42. the type of RNA that carries amino acids to a ribosome
  24. 44. region of DNA that is not part of a gene
  25. 46. The _____ strand is copied discontinuously
  26. 47. An organ system of tubes and vessels that functions in immunity and collects fluids from the blood
  27. 49. mutation in which one nucleotide is exchanged for another