Downing - Ch 10 & 11

2. self-administered responses in writing to a set of questions
4. the occurrence of external events that take place concurrently with the independent variable, and can affect the outcomes
5. achieved through accurate measuring tools, controls over confounding variables, and powerful statistical methods
6. the threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared
8. concerns whether inferences without observed relationships will hold over variations in persons, setting, time or measures of outcome (2 words)
9. assessment of the worth of a program (2 words)
16. processes occurring within participants during the course of the study as a result of passage of time
17. determines whether the benefits of the program outweigh the monetary costs (2 words)
18. surveys developed as a tool for short-term forecasting
20. studies designed to assess clinical interventions (2 words)

1. the bias that reflects changes in measuring instruments or methods of measurement between two points of data collection
3. given an empirical relationship exists, it is the independent variable, rather than something else, that caused the outcome (2 words)
7. the ability to detect true relationships among variables
10. investigations of the ways of obtaining high-quality data and conducting vigorous research (2 words)
11. reasons that an inference could be wrong (3 words)
12. focuses on developing information needed by decision makers about whether to adopt, modify or abandon a program, practice, procedure or policy (2 words)
13. research estimating the needs of a group, community, or organization (2 words)
14. responses from an entire population
15. assesses the program's net impacts (2 words)
19. "the approximate truth of an inference"