EARTH SCIENCE

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Across
  1. 8. a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action
  2. 9. the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water
  3. 10. the layer of gases (air), that surrounds a planet or moon
  4. 11. the loose upper layer of the Earth's surface where plants grow
  5. 12. is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together
  6. 13. pertaining to fragmented rock material formed by a volcanic explosion or ejection from a volcanic vent
  7. 17. a period of time in Earth's history when large ice sheets covered the Polar regions of the Earth
  8. 18. a geological landform that rises significantly above the surrounding land
  9. 19. the removal of sediments by wind/running water/gravity/ice
  10. 20. a volcano that is composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, along with abundant dikes and sills. Viscous, intermediate lava may flow from a central vent
  11. 25. change in phase from a liquid to a gas
  12. 30. the gaseous state of water
  13. 31. a ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest
  14. 32. with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton
  15. 35. weathering processes that are the result of chemical reactions
  16. 36. outward movement of winds from a high-pressure zone
  17. 39. rocks formed from years of sediment compacting together and becoming hard
  18. 41. the direct change from the solid to the vapor phase
  19. 42. is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels
  20. 44. molten rock under the Earth's surface
  21. 45. a steep-sided rounded extrusion of highly viscous lava squeezed out from a volcano and forming a dome-shaped or bulbous mass above and around the volcanic vent
  22. 46. a large wave produced from an earthquake underwater
  23. 47. a description of the physical features of an area of land
  24. 48. evidence in rock of the presence of past life, such as a dinosaur bone, an ancient clam shell, or the footprint of a long-extinct animal as well as life history artifacts.
Down
  1. 1. the solid layer of rock under the loose surface (soil, clay, gravel, sand) of the Earth
  2. 2. flat and low landform located near the mouth of a river
  3. 3. breakdown of rock due to physical or chamical change
  4. 4. a steep-sided, usually circular depression formed by either explosion or collapse at a volcanic vent
  5. 5. the formation, advance and retreat of glaciers and the results of these activities
  6. 6. the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or perceived by touch
  7. 7. a coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments (> 2 mm) within a matrix of finer grained material
  8. 14. the outermost layer of the Earth
  9. 15. the prediction that climate will warm as a result of the addition to the atmosphere of humanly produced greenhouse gases
  10. 16. alignment of minerals in a metamorphic rock, producing a layered appearance
  11. 21. the effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents
  12. 22. are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere.
  13. 23. the study of earthquakes, and of the structure of the Earth by both natural and artificially generated seismic waves
  14. 24. the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate
  15. 26. it is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.
  16. 27. pertaining to igneous rocks or features formed by the emplacement of magma in pre-existing rocks
  17. 28. is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity
  18. 29. a trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis
  19. 33. the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake
  20. 34. glacial deposits laid down directly by glaciers or laid down in lakes, ocean, or streams as result of glacial activity
  21. 37. it is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of a volcano into itself, making it a large, special form of volcanic crater.
  22. 38. either the northern or southern half of the Earth as divided by the equator, or the eastern or western half as divided by a meridian
  23. 40. a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
  24. 43. the condition of equilibrium, comparable to floating, of units of the lithosphere above the asthenosphere
  25. 45. a mudflow composed chiefly of pyroclastic material on the flanks of a volcano
  26. 48. a crack or fracture in the earth's surface in which there has been movement of one or both sides relative to the other