Energy Systems

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Across
  1. 5. provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of glycogen through a series of chemical steps that do not require oxygen. By-products lactate and hydrogen ions are produced. contribution to ATP resynthesis increases rapidly after the initial 5–15 seconds of maximal-intensity exercise
  2. 7. a by-product from anaerobic glycolysis that is associated with fatigue but does not cause fatigue
  3. 9. the chemical energy ‘currency’ of all body cells, including muscle cells for muscle contraction
  4. 10. a fatiguing byproduct resulting in a decreased pH level and an increase in the acidity within the muscle which affects energy production and muscle contraction, resulting in muscular fatigue.
  5. 12. represents the highest intensity point where there is a balance between lactate production and removal from the blood.
  6. 16. one of the key factors that determines the major contributing energy system and fuel use. The longer this is, the lower the intensity. Measured in seconds and minutes
  7. 19. refers to how much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised.
  8. 21. refers to the energy systems working together, but at different rates, to supply the ATP required for an activity depending on intensity and duration.
  9. 24. the speed at which ADP can be resynthesised to ATP. The quicker that ADP can be resynthesised, the quicker it can be broken down again to provide energy for muscle contraction.
  10. 26. the metabolic breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol within muscle cells.
  11. 27. a condition caused by the depletion of glycogen stores in the muscles and liver, which manifests itself as fatigue and loss of energy due to the increased reliance on fats for ATP resynthesis.
  12. 29. when ATP resynthesis occurs via energy pathways that require the presence of oxygen.
  13. 31. low-intensity (60–70% MHR) activity completed at the end of an exercise bout that allows the body to recover by maintaining an elevated blood flow to the muscles and preventing venous pooling, gradually returning the body to its resting physiological state.
  14. 32. a condition in which the pH of the muscle decreases as a result of the accumulation of metabolic by-products such as hydrogen ions within the muscle cells.
  15. 33. the least complicated of the three energy systems, and it produces energy for ATP resynthesis most rapidly. It relies on the muscular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate.
Down
  1. 1. a biochemical process that involves the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound or molecule. It involves the addition of phosphate to ADP to form ATP (ADP + Pi + Energy → ATP).
  2. 2. a by-product that results when ATP breaks down and loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.
  3. 3. refers to the volume of oxygen being utilised for aerobic ATP production
  4. 4. provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of fuels through more complex chemical steps that require oxygen. the most versatile energy system with the slowest rate and highest yield used predominantly when at rest and during low- to moderate-intensity exercise
  5. 6. a consequence of rapid creatine phosphate breakdown during high intensity exercise is the accumulation of this, which has also been shown to inhibit muscle contraction.
  6. 8. cell structures or organelles that can be viewed as the power generators of the cell, converting nutrients into ATP. The greater the number and size of these within the muscle cells, the greater the capacity for aerobic energy production.
  7. 11. completed after maximal intensity and short duration activities, to replenish ATP and creatine phosphate stores within the muscle. Generally when the ATP–CP system is to be utilised for the next activity.
  8. 13. a chemical compound that, like ATP, is stored in limited quantities within muscle cells and provides energy for ATP resynthesis at a rapid rate
  9. 14. provide more energy than carbohydrates, primarily used during rest and low-intensity exercise. During exercise the percentage of fats being used as an energy source decreases as the exercise intensity increases. They require more oxygen to breakdown and therefore, their rate of energy release is slow
  10. 15. the amount of ADP that can be resynthesised to ATP. A higher amount of ATP available means more ATP can be broken down, providing larger amounts of energy for muscle contraction
  11. 17. are the most versatile fuel source available to supply energy for ATP resynthesis. Carbohydrates stored in the body as glycogen can provide the energy for ATP resynthesis under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
  12. 18. when ATP resynthesis occurs via energy pathways that do not require the presence of oxygen.
  13. 20. an accumulation of blood in the veins in inactive muscles following activity.
  14. 22. a substance produced as a result of chemical reactions within the body associated with the production of energy for ATP resynthesis. examples include lactate, hydrogen ions, CO2 and H2O
  15. 23. contributes only minimal energy for ATP resynthesis
  16. 25. an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates, formed by the anaerobic metabolism of glucose.
  17. 28. when energy fuels or substrates that serve to power muscular contractions including creatine phosphate (CP)and glycogen are exhausted
  18. 30. one of the key factors that determines the major contributing energy system and fuel use. The higher this is, the shorter the duration. Can be measured in percentage of maximum HR