Exam 2 Cardio

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Across
  1. 7. Small, dark lines under the fingernails or toenails, a clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis.
  2. 8. A serious condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing its ability to pump blood effectively.
  3. 10. A surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by creating new pathways around blocked coronary arteries, often using veins or arteries from other parts of the body.
  4. 13. The narrowing or constriction of a heart valve, which impedes blood flow.
  5. 14. A disorder of formation or conduction (or both) of electrical impulses within the heart, leading to disturbances in heart rate or rhythm, which can alter blood flow.
  6. 16. A type of angina characterized by increased frequency and severity of chest pain that is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, requiring urgent medical intervention.
  7. 24. Antibiotics given to prevent infection, sometimes prescribed in specific cases of heart conditions before certain procedures.
  8. 26. A type of tissue heart valve made from animal tissue (e.g., porcine or bovine) used for valve replacement.
  9. 27. The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart chambers fill with blood.
  10. 29. The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle when blood is ejected from the heart chambers.
  11. 30. Non-tender, macular, erythematous lesions found on the palms and soles, a clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis.
  12. 34. Pectoris A syndrome defined by episodes of chest pain or pressure resulting from insufficient coronary blood flow, often triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress.
  13. 37. An artificial heart valve made from synthetic materials, designed for durability and longevity.
  14. 39. A non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart, used to diagnose arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions.
  15. 43. A heart rhythm characterized by a fast heart rate originating from the sinus node (greater than 100 bpm).
  16. 45. A medical procedure using unsynchronized electrical shocks to treat life-threatening ventricular fibrillation, aiming to reset the heart's electrical activity.
  17. 46. An invasive diagnostic procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart to assess its function and identify blockages.
Down
  1. 1. An electronic device that delivers electrical stimuli to the heart muscle to regulate heart rate and rhythm.
  2. 2. Any surgical procedure to repair a heart valve.
  3. 3. Heart valves or other tissues transplanted from a human cadaver.
  4. 4. A toxic effect of digoxin, a medication used to treat heart conditions, evidenced by symptoms like dysrhythmia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, and malaise.
  5. 5. The backflow of blood through a heart valve because the valve does not close properly.
  6. 6. A minimally invasive procedure to widen narrowed coronary arteries, often involving a balloon.
  7. 9. A surgical procedure to separate fused valve leaflets, typically performed for stenotic valves.
  8. 11. A series of progressive events that culminates in impaired cardiac output, encompassing various types like dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive.
  9. 12. A medication used to treat angina by dilating blood vessels, thereby decreasing myocardial oxygen demand and increasing oxygen supply.
  10. 15. Also known as a heart attack, it is the death of myocardial tissue due to prolonged myocardial ischemia.
  11. 17. The stretching of a heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole, preventing proper closure.
  12. 18. The electrical recovery of heart muscle cells, leading to relaxation (diastole).
  13. 19. An inflammatory condition of the heart valves that can occur as a complication of rheumatic fever, often following streptococcal pharyngitis.
  14. 20. Tender, red, painful nodules found on the pads of fingers and toes, a clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis.
  15. 21. A medical procedure using synchronized electrical shocks to restore a normal heart rhythm in patients with certain tachyarrhythmias.
  16. 22. A heart rhythm characterized by a slow heart rate originating from the sinus node (less than 60 bpm).
  17. 23. A non-surgical procedure where a balloon-tipped catheter is used to enlarge a narrowed heart valve opening.
  18. 24. The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac (the sac surrounding the heart).
  19. 25. A type of heart valve replacement made from animal tissue (bioprosthesis) or human tissue (homograft/autograft).
  20. 28. The abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen, leading to hardening and narrowing of arteries.
  21. 31. Syndrome An emergent situation characterized by an acute onset of myocardial ischemia, potentially leading to myocardial death (MI) if not promptly treated.
  22. 32. An infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart, including valves), often developing in people with prosthetic heart valves or structural cardiac defects.
  23. 33. The electrical activation of heart muscle cells, leading to contraction (systole).
  24. 35. A surgical repair technique for heart valves that involves the chordae tendineae, the fibrous cords that connect the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles.
  25. 36. Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
  26. 38. Tissue grafts taken from the patient's own body, used in valve replacement procedures.
  27. 40. Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers, a clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis.
  28. 41. An inflammatory process involving the myocardium (heart muscle), often caused by viral infections.
  29. 42. A surgical procedure to repair the annulus (ring) of a heart valve, often involving the insertion of a ring to support the valve leaflets.
  30. 44. Insufficient blood flow to a tissue or organ, often leading to pain and impaired function.