Exam 3

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Across
  1. 2. social comparison used to set performance goals.
  2. 5. reely chosen, inherent in the activity being performed.
  3. 6. Processing resources - mental operations, memoryretrieval, problem solving, learning, decision making
  4. 9. one’s capability to perform a task.
  5. 12. tells one how they are progressing towards their goal. Goals do not motivate behavior if feedback is not provided. It allows one to assess which instrumental behaviors are effective.
  6. 13. Personal estimate that a goal can be achieved.
  7. 14. Use of Words
  8. 18. Initially prefer smaller incentive, but as time delay increases, preference switches to the larger incentive.
  9. 21. subjective value of a stimulus produces psychological demand. Stimuli with the highest valence are selected as goals.
  10. 22. Fixed ratio requirement is increased, demand decreases
  11. 23. manner in which a goal is perceived. Is it the opportunity for making a gain? Or avoiding a loss?
  12. 25. As objective incentive value increases, utility increases but in smaller & smaller amounts
  13. 27. abstract series of behavioral acts necessary for achieving a goal. It is more general than a script. Plans include a series of sub-goals that must be met to reach the final goal.
  14. 28. highly stereotyped sequence of behavioral acts.Step by step plan to achieve a goal. They provide detailed knowledge on how to accomplish goals.
  15. 29. deprivation increases the value and demand for the deprived substance. Ex. Food, Iphone, New model of car, video games
  16. 30. future incentive is represented today at a lower value. General formula for determining incentive value from amount and delay is:incentive value = Amount of incentive/(1 + Delay Interval)
Down
  1. 1. how precisely a goal is envisioned.
  2. 3. select behaviors & increases expression of those behaviors.
  3. 4. consistently being directed towards an extrinsic or intrinsic source of motivation. Both sources of motivation can operate for different activities.
  4. 7. 1.Goals are usually raised after success.2.Goals are usually lowered after failure.3.High self-efficacy individuals will increase effort after failure.4.Low self-efficacy individuals will decrease effort after failure.
  5. 8. subjective properties of an incentive such as satisfaction, pleasure or usefulness.
  6. 10. responding in times of mental or physical fatigue; makes success more likely. More willing to work longer without reward
  7. 11. satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.
  8. 15. ability of an incentive to motivate depends on prior experience
  9. 16. positive or negative emotional feeling that the anticipated goal produces. Positive affect leads to approach, negative affect leads to avoidance.
  10. 17. the incentive that is chosen to be acquired or achieved.
  11. 19. process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal. It includes factors such as: persistence, determination, effort & time expenditure in pursuit of the goal.
  12. 20. visualizing a goal
  13. 24. hierarchical rank of a goal; based on value of a goal. Higher level goals have higher value.
  14. 26. attractiveness of an incentive based on objective properties such as number & amount or subjective properties(one’s appraisal of objective value)