exchange of substances

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Across
  1. 3. A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins (e.g. between the penultimate and last amino acid in the polypeptide).
  2. 8. The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles.
  3. 11. Tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.
  4. 13. A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids.
  5. 14. Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown.
  6. 15. A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart.
  7. 18. A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane.
  8. 20. Small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli.
  9. 21. The main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi.
  10. 23. The tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants.
  11. 25. A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration.
  12. 26. The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle.
  13. 28. a type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body.
  14. 30. A type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water.
  15. 33. A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries.
  16. 34. The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart.
  17. 37. The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart.
  18. 38. A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues.
  19. 40. A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood.
  20. 41. Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment.
  21. 44. Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch.
  22. 46. Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange.
  23. 48. The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood
  24. 49. Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange.
  25. 50. A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle.
  26. 51. A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions.
  27. 52. A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange.
Down
  1. 1. A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation.
  2. 2. Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen.
  3. 4. A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction.
  4. 5. The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.
  5. 6. A class of enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides.
  6. 7. A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues.
  7. 9. A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that are involved in forced exhalation
  8. 10. The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.
  9. 12. The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.
  10. 16. The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle.
  11. 17. A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides.
  12. 19. A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids.
  13. 22. A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
  14. 24. An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids.
  15. 27. The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart.
  16. 29. The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.
  17. 31. A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides.
  18. 32. The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body.
  19. 35. A smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins.
  20. 36. Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
  21. 39. A tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi.
  22. 42. Very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells.
  23. 43. A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation.
  24. 45. Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange.
  25. 47. A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed.