Fall Final Exam US History Part 2 2025

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Across
  1. 4. War:A military strategy that involves mobilizing all of a nation's resources—military, economic, and civilian—to achieve complete victory, exemplified by General William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea."
  2. 6. Bureau:A U.S. government agency established in 1865 to aid millions of newly freed African Americans and impoverished whites in the South by providing food, housing, medical aid, and education.
  3. 11. of 1850:A legislative package that admitted California as a free state, enforced a stricter Fugitive Slave Law, and allowed popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in the Utah and New Mexico territories.
  4. 12. Democracy:A political philosophy that sought to increase the power of the executive branch and broaden public participation by extending voting rights to most white males, regardless of property ownership.
  5. 13. Scott v. Sandford:The 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled African Americans were not and could never be citizens, and that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in any territory.
  6. 14. Republicans:A faction of the Republican Party during Reconstruction who favored harsh punishment for the South and advocated for immediate, equal civil and political rights for African Americans.
  7. 18. agricultural labor system that emerged in the South after the Civil War in which a laborer worked a portion of a planter's land in exchange for a share of the crop, often leading to a cycle of debt.
  8. 22. Rights:The constitutional doctrine that state governments possess autonomous power and can challenge or ignore federal laws they deem unconstitutional, a central justification for the South's secession.
  9. 23. of Sentiments:The document produced at the Seneca Falls Convention that detailed women's grievances and demands for equality, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
  10. 24. of Gettysburg:A decisive Union victory in July 1863 that stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North and is considered the turning point of the Civil War.
  11. 26. Compromise:The 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel in the Louisiana Purchase territory.
  12. 27. of 1877:The informal deal that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election, resulting in the Republican candidate becoming president in exchange for the permanent withdrawal of federal troops from the South, thus formally ending the Reconstruction Era.
  13. 28. Sovereignty:The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, used in the 1850s to propose that voters in a territory should decide the issue of slavery.
  14. 29. a great idea. Continuing right where the previous list left off, here is the second set of 30 key terms and definitions covering the period from the Jacksonian Era through the end of Reconstruction, formatted for easy copying into a crossword maker:
  15. 30. Amendment:The constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws," and ensured due process.
Down
  1. 1. Era:The period (1865–1877) following the Civil War during which the United States worked to integrate the Southern states back into the Union, determine the legal status of former slaves, and rebuild the nation.
  2. 2. of Vicksburg:A successful military campaign in 1863 led by Ulysses S. Grant that resulted in the Union gaining full control of the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two.
  3. 3. Act:The 1854 law that allowed settlers in two new territories to decide whether or not to allow slavery (popular sovereignty), effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.
  4. 5. political and social movement in the 19th century that sought the immediate and unconditional end of slavery in the United States.
  5. 7. Codes:Laws passed by Southern state governments immediately after the Civil War that severely restricted the economic and social freedoms of African Americans, attempting to force them back into labor systems similar to slavery.
  6. 8. Falls Convention:The first women's rights convention in U.S. history, held in 1848, which launched the women's suffrage movement.
  7. 9. Sumter:A sea fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where the first shots of the American Civil War were fired in April 1861, beginning the conflict.
  8. 10. Crow Laws:State and local laws enacted after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and mandated separate, inferior facilities for African Americans.
  9. 15. Court House:The location in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.
  10. 16. to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole, which deepened the cultural and political divide leading to the Civil War.
  11. 17. of Tears:The forced relocation of approximately 100,000 Native Americans, primarily the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole nations, from their ancestral homelands in the Southeast to territories west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s.
  12. 19. Address:A brief, profound speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln in November 1863, dedicating a national cemetery and redefining the Civil War as a struggle for human equality and national purpose.
  13. 20. System:The practice of a successful political party, such as that under Andrew Jackson, giving public office to its supporters, friends, and family.
  14. 21. Amendment:The constitutional amendment, ratified in 1870, that prohibited governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
  15. 25. Proclamation:An executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declaring that all enslaved persons in the Confederate states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
  16. 30. Amendment:The constitutional amendment, ratified in 1865, that formally abolished and prohibited all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States.