Fire and Trees

Across

3. a long and narrow casing filled with seeds that grows on some specific plants, such as beans, peas, carob trees, catalpa trees…
5. a forestry process where diseased or lower quality trees are cut to give other trees more room to grow successfully.
7. a spike of flowers with no petals, as on the willow.
8. the section of a tree, from the base of the trunk to the first branch.
11. the third layer of vascular tissue. It is made up of thick-walled cells that, like phloem, transport sap from the roots to the crown. It represents the young wood of the tree and is light in color. As its cells age, they become inactive and turn into the tree's heartwood.
12. the removal or cutting back of twigs or branches, sometimes applied to twigs or small branches only, but often used to describe most activities involving the cutting of trees or shrubs.
14. these rays radiate out from the center of the tree, and serve in lateral conduction and as food storage areas. They are most visible in a cross-sectional view of the tree trunk.
15. a pine tree's leaf that is thin and hard
17. the process of felling most or all trees in an often large area. It typically leads to open land where just tree stumps and tree remains are left behind.
21. the core of the trunk and the primary source of nourishment for the young plant. Also known as medulla, it constitutes a soft, porous tissue within the stems of vascular plants.
22. these typically extend horizontally or upward from the trunk. Large ones are known as boughs and smaller ones as twigs. They support foliage growth.
23. the small, reproductive units of a tree.
26. fire the knowledgeable and controlled application of fire to a specific area to accomplish planned resource management objectives. These fires are managed in such a way as to minimize the emission of smoke and maximize the benefits to the site.
29. (of trees, shrubs, etc.) having green leaves throughout the entire year, the leaves of the past season not being shed until after the new foliage has been completely formed.
32. small branches or divisions of branches.
34. the removal of the tree canopy, back to the stem or primary branches. It may involve the removal of the entire canopy in one operation, or may be phased over several years.
35. (biology) the process of producing plant seeds by transferring a powdery substance from one plant to the other
36. smaller leaf units which together form a compound leaf.
38. a layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of woodland or forest or plants forming this.
39. the underground part of a tree that anchors it to the ground and absorbs water and nutrients.

Down

1. a new growth on a tree or plant or the part of a plant that starts to appear above the ground because it is growing
2. hard, rigid extensions or modifications of leaves, roots, stems, or buds with sharp, stiff ends, and generally serve the same function: physically defending plants against herbivory.
4. the hard, cement-like constituent of wood cells
6. a broad term encompassing leaves, including needles on pines and scale-like materials on junipers. It is often green.
7. the top of the tree.
9. term used to describe all broadleaved trees. These tree species are deciduous. Despite the term, some of them such as the aspens, have wood that is relatively soft.
10. a visible pattern of smoke resulting from emissions from a stack, flue, or chimney.
11. a standing dead tree or part of a dead tree from which at least the smaller branches have fallen.
13. the reproductive structures of conifer trees, producing seeds.
16. the uppermost part of the forest floor consisting of freshly fallen or slightly decomposed organic materials.
18. the green, flat structures on branches where photosynthesis occurs.
19. the densest, heaviest part of the trunk, often the darkest in color. It primarily provides strength and support to the tree. Moreover, it is essential in tree physiology, as it serves as a storehouse for sugars and oils.
20. the protective outer layer of a tree’s trunk and branches.
22. small, undeveloped shoots that can grow into branches or flowers.
24. the thick, central stem of a tree that supports branches and leaves.
25. (of trees and shrubs) shedding all leaves annually at the end of the growing season and then having a dormant period without leaves
27. an outer growth layer that creates both sapwood and phloem, which, in turn, increases the tree's thickness. In climates with distinct seasons, the tree adds a new layer each growing season. This expansion of the girth of the trunk (and branches) produces annual rings that can be interpreted by coring or felling to determine the tree's age.
28. also called shrub, a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, they have persistent woody stems above the ground. They can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height.
30. a collective term that refers to stands of vegetation dominated by shrubby, woody plants, or low-growing trees, usually of a type undesirable for livestock or timber management.
31. the next layer after the cambium tissue and before the bark. Its purpose is to move sap that has been transformed from leaf photosynthesis and contains sugar around the tree and back down to the roots.
33. an unplanned fire - including unauthorized human-caused fires - occurring on forest or range lands, burning forest vegetation, grass, brush, scrub, peat lands, or a prescribed fire set under regulation which spreads beyond the area authorized for burning.
37. fuel a type of fuel that provides vertical continuity between strata, thereby allowing fire to carry from surface fuels into the crowns of trees or shrubs with relative ease. They help initiate and assure the continuation of crowning.
40. the base of a tree remaining after it has been cut or fallen.