Fire Dynamics Chapter 5

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869
Across
  1. 3. (two words) Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel ignites. The fire point is usually a few degrees above the flash point.
  2. 8. The way in which the arrangement of compartments creates or does not create a series of barriers designed to keep flames, smoke, and heat from spreading from one room or floor to another.
  3. 9. To draw in and transport solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid.
  4. 10. (two words) The propensity of a material to conduct heat within its volume. Measured in energy transfer over distance per degree of temperature.
  5. 11. (two words) Horizontal movement of a layer of hot gases and combustion by-products from the center point of the plume, when a horizontal surface such as a ceiling redirects the vertical development of the rising plume.
  6. 12. Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with an oxidizer such as oxygen in the air; a common example is the formation of rust on metal.
  7. 15. (two words) Mass (weight) of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature.
  8. 18. (two words) Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released to perform work at a future time.
  9. 19. Capable of being mixed in all proportions.
  10. 21. Degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas will dissolve in a solvent (usually water).
  11. 25. The tendency or capacity of a liquid or gas to remain afloat or rise.
  12. 26. (two words) The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area, including interior finish and trim, expressed in heat units of the equivalent weight in wood.
  13. 30. Amount of energy delivered over a given period of time.
  14. 31. A reaction or process that releases thermal energy or heat.
  15. 32. (three words) Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean to burn (too much oxygen and not enough gas, so lacks the proper quantity of fuel).
  16. 35. A material that will maintain combustion under specified environmental conditions
  17. 36. (two words) Electrically charged, highly reactive parts of molecules released during combustion reactions.
  18. 39. (two words) Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounters an external heat (ignition) source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction.
  19. 40. (two words) The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame
  20. 44. Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases, usually in an upward direction.
  21. 48. A chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame
  22. 49. (three words) Total amount of heat released per unit of time. The heat release rate is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or Megawatts (MW) of output.
  23. 53. Gaseous form of a substance that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure; formed by vaporization of a liquid or pyrolization of a solid.
  24. 54. (two words) Model of the three conditions conditions/elements necessary for combustion. The three sides of the triangle represent heat, oxygen, and fuel.
  25. 57. Unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); the energy (or work) when a unit force (1 newton) moves a body through a unit distance (1 meter).
  26. 58. Petroleum-based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon; may also be used to describe those materials in a fuel load which were created using hydrocarbons such as plastics or synthetic fabrics.
  27. 59. (two words) Form of fire gas ignition; the ignition of accumulated flammable products of combustion and air that are within their flammable range.
  28. 60. (two words) The measure of the rate of heat transfer to or from a surface, typically expressed in kilowatts per square meter (kW/m2).
  29. 62. Physical process that changes a liquid into a gaseous state; the rate of vaporization depends on the substance involved, heat, pressure, and exposed surface area.
  30. 63. Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of combustible materials
  31. 64. Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. The stalled combustion resumes with explosive force; may occur because of inadequate or improper ventilation procedures.
  32. 65. (two words) Fire with limited ventilation in which the heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of oxygen available to the fire.
  33. 66. (two words) Colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns; used in portable fire extinguishers as an extinguishing agent to extinguish Class B or C fires by smothering or displacing the oxygen. CO2 is a waste product of aerobic metabolism.
  34. 67. Capacity to perform work; occurs when a force is applied to an object over a distance, or when a substance undergoes a chemical, biological, or physical transformation.
  35. 68. (two words) Weight of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. A vapor density less than 1 indicates a vapor lighter than air; a vapor density greater than 1 indicates a vapor heavier than air.
  36. 69. (two words) Initiation of combustion of a material by an internal chemical or biological reaction that has produced sufficient heat to ignite the material
Down
  1. 1. (two words) Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion.
  2. 2. Energy possessed by a moving object because of its motion.
  3. 4. Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.
  4. 5. (two words) Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid until it reaches 79°F (26°C). Above that temperature, it becomes a gas with a faint odor similar to bitter almonds; produced by the combustion of nitrogen-bearing substances.
  5. 6. Anything that occupies space and has mass.
  6. 7. The chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating, precedes combustion.
  7. 13. (two words)The point at which two regions that are in thermal contact no longer transfer heat between them because they have reached the same temperature.
  8. 14. (three words) Extinguishment of a fire by interruption of the chemical chain reaction.
  9. 16. (two words) A fire ignited in fuel packages or buildings that are remote from the initial fuel package or building of origin.
  10. 17. (two words) Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
  11. 20. (two words) Flammable liquids that have an attraction to water, much like a positive magnetic pole attracts a negative pole; examples include alcohols, esters, ketones, amines, and lacquers.
  12. 22. (two words) Description of a fire burning in the open with no restrictions to its oxygen supply.
  13. 23. (two words)The pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase at a given temperature; liquids that have a greater tendency to evaporate have higher vapor pressures at a given temperature.
  14. 24. Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid.
  15. 27. (three words) Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion in confinement; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean to burn (too much oxygen and not enough gas, so lacks the proper quantity of fuel).
  16. 28. (two words) Area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire.
  17. 29. (two words) Fire with adequate oxygen in which the heat release rate and growth rate are determined by the characteristics of the fuel, such as quantity and geometry. Also known as Fuel-controlled
  18. 33. Fatal condition caused by severe oxygen deficiency and an excess of carbon monoxide and/ or other gases in the blood
  19. 34. (two words) The space between at least one intake and one exhaust outlet. The difference in pressure determines the direction of the flow of gases through this space. Heat and smoke in a high-pressure area will flow toward areas of lower pressure.
  20. 37. (two words) Model of the four elements/ conditions required to create a fire. The four sides of the tetrahedron represent fuel, heat, oxygen, and a self-sustaining chemical chain reaction.
  21. 38. (two words) Range between the upper flammable limit and lower flammable limit in which a substance can ignite.
  22. 41. Capable of sustaining life.
  23. 42. (two words) Result of inefficient combustion of a fuel; the less efficient the combustion, the more products of combustion are produced rather than burned during the combustion process.
  24. 43. A reaction or process that absorbs thermal energy or heat.
  25. 45. The SI unit of power or rate of work equal to 1 joule per second
  26. 46. Form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules within a fuel which is transferred from one body to another as a result of a temperature difference between the bodies, such as from the sun to the earth. To signify its intensity, it is measured in degrees of temperature.
  27. 47. (two words) Colorless, odorless, dangerous gas (both toxic and flammable) formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines with hemoglobin more than 200 times faster than oxygen does, decreasing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.
  28. 50. A rapid oxidation process, which is a gas-phase chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities.
  29. 51. Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopascals (kPa).
  30. 52. Physical flow or transfer of heat energy from one body to another, through direct contact or an intervening medium, from the point where the heat is produced to another location, or from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature.
  31. 55. Transfer of heat energy from one body to another body through intervening space by electromagnetic waves.
  32. 56. (two words) Level at a compartment opening where there is an equal difference in pressure exerted by expansion and buoyancy of hot smoke flowing out of the opening and the inward pressure of cooler, ambient temperature air flowing in through the opening.
  33. 61. Initiation of combustion by heat but without a spark or flame