FIXATION, DEHYDRATION, CLEARING, DECALCIFICATION, INFILTRATION, AND EMBEDDING

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Across
  1. 1. May be found in surgical specimens particularly in liver biopsies, associated with an intense eosinophilic staining at the center of the tissue in H&E stained sections
  2. 8. Allows the general microscopic study of tissue structures without altering the structural pattern and normal intercellular relationship of tissues
  3. 9. Most common metallic fixative
  4. 12. It is recommended for gastro-intestinal tract specimens and fixation of endocrine tissues
  5. 14. At concentrations up to 10% are the most rapid in action but if used longer than necessary will rapidly cause a loss of nuclear staining and can macerate tissues
  6. 15. Form intermolecular bridges, normally through free amino groups, thus creating a network of linked antigens
  7. 17. Techniques are commonly used in pathology for the demonstration of various antibodies
  8. 18. Inferior compared to nitric acid in its role as a decalcifying agent because of its slower action and greater distortion of tissue produced on the decalcified section
  9. 20. It has been used on frozen sections and smears
  10. 24. It is the removal of calcium ions or lime salts from the organic extracellular matrix, calcified collagen, and surrounding tissues of the bone
  11. 26. Fixative that is cheap, easy to prepare and readily available
  12. 32. It is recommended for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies
  13. 35. Used in 4% aqueous solution of basic lead acetate
  14. 36. The most common and the fastest decalcifying agent used so far, utilized both as a simple solution or combined with other reagents
  15. 39. It is superior to ordinary dehydrating and clearing agents due to its ability to perform two processes at the same time, thereby shortening the total processing time and allowing more time for fixation
  16. 42. It is a colorless clearing agent that is most commonly used in histology laboratories
  17. 43. Solvents such as alcohols and acetone remove lipids and dehydrate the cells
  18. 44. It is recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins
  19. 50. They are said to give improved results with immunohistochemistry
  20. 51. The process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artefacts from the tissues
  21. 52. It is preferred by some as a clearing agent in the embedding process of tissues because it penetrates and clears tissues rapidly
  22. 55. Substitute for paraffin wax
  23. 56. A polymerized form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerizes back to formalin when heated
  24. 57. A compound fixative, recommended for nucleoproteins
  25. 58. A mixture of paraformaldehyde and glutaral-dehyde
  26. 59. It is used to clear both paraffin and celloidin sections during the embedding process
  27. 60. Most common chrome osmium acetic acid fixative, excellent for nuclear structures
Down
  1. 2. Classically defined as the killing, penetration and hardening of tissues
  2. 3. It is defined as a process in which water is entirely removed from the tissues
  3. 4. It is recommended for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis
  4. 5. A very weak decalcifying solution suitable only for minute pieces of bone
  5. 6. It is used in a 3% aqueous solution
  6. 7. Rapidly denatures and precipitates proteins
  7. 10. It is highly recommended for the preservation of glycogen and other carbohydrates
  8. 11. Made up of only one component substance
  9. 13. is used for fixing touch preparations
  10. 16. Another popular aldehyde for fixation which is made up of two formaldehyde residues, linked by a three carbon chain
  11. 19. It is better and less "messy" than Bouin's solution
  12. 21. It is a synthetic wax substitute similar to Paraplast with a melting point of 56-58°C. It is less brittle and less compressible than Paraplast. Bio/aid is a semisynthetic wax recommended for embedding eyes
  13. 22. Recommended mainly for tumor biopsies especially of the skin; it is an excellent cytologic fixative
  14. 23. It is a cheap, rapid-acting dehydrating agent utilized for most urgent biopsies
  15. 25. This is a simple microanatomical fixative made up of saturated formaldehyde (40%, by weight volume) diluted to 10% with sodium chloride
  16. 27. Permanganate fixatives (potassium permanganate), potassium dichromate, chromic acid and osmium tetroxide are the
  17. 28. A mineral which is found in bones
  18. 29. It has a lower melting point (46-48°C), but it is harder than paraffin
  19. 30. It is miscible both with water and paraffin
  20. 31. This is a pale yellow powder which dissolves in water (up to 6% at 20°C) to form a strong oxidizing solution
  21. 33. The most widely used agents for routine decalcification of large amounts of bony tissues because they are stable, readily available, and relatively inexpensive as compared to other decalcifying agents
  22. 34. It is a toxic dehydrating agent, primarily employed for blood and tissue films and for smear preparations
  23. 37. It is better at preserving tissue structure and is more tolerant of small amounts of water left behind in the tissues than xylene
  24. 38. Decalcification time is 2-7 days
  25. 40. It is a cheap, rapid-acting dehydrating agent utilized for most urgent biopsies which dehydrates in 1/2 to 2 hours
  26. 41. Placing an already fixed tissue to a second fixative to: improve demonstration of substance, ensure complete hardening and for special staining
  27. 45. When used for clearing of tissues during the embedding process, it is slower in action than xylene, but causes less brittleness
  28. 46. It is considered to be the most rapid fixative and may be used for urgent biopsy specimens for paraffin processing within 5 hours
  29. 47. A machine that is used to cut tissues
  30. 48. The chemical component becomes part of the tissue by forming cross-links or molecular complexes
  31. 49. An excellent fixative for bone marrow, extramedullary hematopoiesis and intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
  32. 53. It is the alcohol recommended for routine dehydration of tissues. It is a clear, colorless, flammable fluid
  33. 54. It is the process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium which is then allowed to solidify