Genetic Regulation

4. Removal of introns from pre-mRNA and joining of exons before translation.
7. Lipid-soluble hormones that enter cells and bind intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression.
8. Proteins that bind specific DNA sequences to increase the rate of transcription.
9. Increase in the number of gene copies, leading to greater gene product output.
10. DNA regions that can be far from a gene but boost transcription when bound by regulatory proteins.
11. Addition of acetyl groups to histones that loosens chromatin and increases transcription.
13. The lifespan of an mRNA molecule before it is broken down in the cell.
14. DNA sequences that can move to new positions within the genome.

1. Addition of methyl groups to DNA that often suppresses gene expression.
2. Addition of a phosphate group to proteins involved in translation to alter their activity.
3. Regulatory proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to promoters and begin transcription.
5. Permanent changes in the DNA sequence that may affect gene function.
6. Structures or proteins that block ribosome attachment to mRNA, reducing protein production.
12. Complete deletion or removal of a gene from the genome.