Genetics

4. When extra proteins are copied and added to the genetic code.
5. a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
8. an illness or condition that disrupts normal physical or mental functions.
11. A base pair is replaced by another letter instead.
12. When part of the DNA is not copied properly and it the rest of the code shifts down.

1. In males (who have only one X chromosome), a mutation in the only copy of the gene in each cell causes the disorder.
2. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation would have to occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder.
3. heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents
6. the record of descent of an animal, showing it to be purebred.
7. a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
9. heritable characteristics which are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited from only one parent.
10. the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.