Genetics

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Across
  1. 3. genetics a form of genetic analysis that manipulates DNA to disrupt or affect the product of a gene to analyze the gene’s function
  2. 7. map an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome that is based on recombination frequencies between markers
  3. 8. the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism
  4. 13. engineering alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism using the molecular methods of biotechnology
  5. 14. describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species
  6. 16. cloning cloning of entire organisms
  7. 17. the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics physical map a representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers
  8. 19. electrophoresis a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of their ability to migrate through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current
  9. 21. the study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche model organism a species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species
  10. 22. or to perform new functions
  11. 23. enzyme an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends
  12. 24. genome sequencing a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome
  13. 25. a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome; plasmids code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications
  14. 26. therapy the technique used to cure heritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes
Down
  1. 1. chain reaction (PCR) a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA
  2. 2. study of the function of proteomes
  3. 4. protein a protein that is expressed from recombinant DNA molecules
  4. 5. signature a set of over- or under-expressed proteins characteristic of cells in a particular diseased tissue
  5. 6. the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species
  6. 9. testing identifying gene variants in an individual that may lead to a genetic disease in that individual
  7. 10. in molecular biology, the process by which two single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides to form a double-stranded molecule
  8. 11. by the model organism
  9. 12. the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel
  10. 15. modified organism (GMO) an organism whose genome has been artificially changed
  11. 18. DNA a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature
  12. 20. an individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state