Genetics

1. A small circular structure commonly used to carry inserted genes into bacteria
4. A type of cloning used to generate stem cells for medical applications
7. The enzyme that seals gaps between joined fragments
8. A genome-editing tool that allows precise changes at specific locations
10. Short nucleotide sequences that mark where DNA synthesis begins
12. An organism whose genetic material has been altered to produce desired characteristics
13. Type of DNA formed by combining DNA from different sources
16. The use of living systems, organisms, or biological components to create useful products or processes
17. The complete collection of hereditary information in an organism
18. The production of genetically identical cells or organisms

2. The stage of PCR where double-stranded molecules separate into single strands
3. A laboratory process used to separate DNA fragments (3,15)
5. A laboratory technique used to rapidly make millions of copies of a target sequence
6. The jelly-like material used to create a medium for fragment separation
9. Enzymes that recognize specific base sequences and cut genetic material at those locations
11. The stage of PCR where new complementary strands are assembled
14. A carrier molecule used to transfer genetic material into cells
15. The stage of PCR where short nucleotide sequences attach to target strands