GS Lecture 7

Across

3. An emerging _ revolution is at hand, and is expected to revolutionise sensing, imaging, precise positioning, navigation, timing, communications, computing, etc...
7. _ system in the Israel-Gaza conflict uses data to rank people.
8. So far, despite the hype, there are no clear indications of a possible _ cyber war.
10. The US first used satellites in the _ war.
12. Groups such as _ use digital technologies to recruit, train, fundraise and purchase supplies.
13. The US maintains _ space programmes.
14. Cyber operations can also be used during peacetime.
15. Comparing cyber vs. non-cyber: Cash payments vs. _ transfers.
19. After 2022, this country emerged as the 12th biggest cyber power.
21. The _ use of space became more central to war fighting during the 1991 Gulf War.
22. Issue of translation: there ar ebig _ in terminology and definitions, e.g. between the US, Russia, and China.
23. Hamas/Iran/sympathisers launch cyber attacks on Israel (minimal impact).
26. Russia attacked various targets in this country (such as government websites, denial of service, banks, and media organisations) following a decision by the (country's) government to move Soviet-era statue and graves.
27. Terrorist attacks produce shock (explosions, casualties), whereas cyber operations take time, money, and _ skills.
30. 11-day bombing campagin against Hamas labelled Israel's '_'.
32. This country ranks as the 3rd biggest cyber power, after the US and China.
33. In the Ukraine war, AI is used to _ and analyse open-source data, such as social media content to identify Russian soldiers, weapons, systems, units or their movements.
34. Advances in AI and Quantum tech are likely to have important implications for the military in decades ahead but _ to completely change the nature of war and conflict.
35. "_ is best understood as a descriptive prefix, an adjective conveying the digital or computer-like nature of the noun to which it is attached."
37. All _ conflicts have a cyber dimension.
41. AI can support decision-making through virtual _.
43. "[Used by state and non-state actors] Hostile actions in cyberspace tha thave effects that amplify or are equivalent to major kinetic violence."
45. A group named 'Guardians of the Peace' from this country launched a cyber attack against Sony in November 2014.
46. "A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures, including the internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers."
47. Russian cyberattacks _ to have decisive impact in support of invasion.
50. Satellite reconnaissance completely changes the nuclear (and international) landscape - It provides stability in arms races, facilitates arms control, and reduces _ of a sneak attack.
51. There is no indication that any single domain is '_' - e.g. a 'victory' in cyberspace does not equate with a victory in war.
52. Broad security _ of war, deterrence, etc. can be applied to cyberspace.
53. Rules of the road/laws of cyber war are _ to establish, making it less of a preferable choice for governments (they prefer to choose methods that they understand better).

Down

1. _' use of cyber-acquired intel helps with attack planning.
2. The number of satellites has exponentially _ [increased/decreased] in recent years.
4. Israel's Iron Dome system ignores incoming threats if it determines they will land in _ areas.
5. "Hack-and-_": The name of a cyber attack by Russia on the US during the 2016 US Presidential Election.
6. Stakeholders in cyber security include _, government agencies, and civil society.
9. So far, all cyber attacks have had _ durations.
11. _ groups focus on what is cheap, noticeable, and deadly.
16. Ai can _ the adversary's AI systems.
17. Cyber operations are usually launched in tandem with _ military operations (e.g. during Russo-Georgian war).
18. Ukraine's IT _ causes some disruption to Russian society but strategic impact is marginal.
20. In the Ukraine war, commercial satellite _ delivers crucial intelligence to Ukraine.
21. AI can help create/detect fake _ and deep fakes.
24. AI can help create automated targeting and behavioural _.
25. Quantum sensors can allow underground mapping, see around corners, and make oceans _ (for detecting submarines).
28. Ukraine's IT Army was created on February 26th 2022 as a part of Ministry of Digital _.
29. Cyber operations are _ compared to financial crimes, espionage, and information operations (e.g. hybrid or grey zone war) - more than half of cyber operations are aimed at collecting information or disseminating information.
31. The main emphasis of government cyber operations, making adversary aware of presence.
36. Refers to the use of cyber operations to deter actions within other domains of conflict or the deterrence of adversary cyberspace operations within the cyber domain.
38. This country's cyberattacks on Hamas are limited because it does not rely much on the internet.
39. In 2019, NATO adopted a _ and recognised space as a new operational domain, alongside air, land, maritime, and cyberspace.
40. Cyber war involves direct attacks in cyberspace that are not per se aimed at military forces, but are directed at opponents' _ enabled systems in general."
42. _ satellites provide connectivity for the Ukrainian military and are vital for drone strikes.
44. Israel can turn on/off internet connectivity in _.
48. Ukrainian cyber defences were _ due to advances in AI-enhanced threat intelligence and the quick distribution of protective software to cloud services and other computer networks.
49. Cyberspace can be viewed as its own domain but it rarely exists _ from other domains. This is also true of the space domain.