Hisotry

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879808182838485
Across
  1. 5. A Catholic religious order known for its missionary work in the Americas, often advocating for the rights of Indigenous people.
  2. 6. de Contratación: The Spanish "House of Trade" that controlled all aspects of trade and exploration in the Spanish colonies.
  3. 10. V: Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, known for his vast empire and for overseeing the expansion of Spanish influence in the Americas.
  4. 11. Members of the Franciscan order, a Catholic religious group active in the Americas, known for their missionary efforts and role in colonization.
  5. 12. City: The capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, it became a major center of Spanish colonial power.
  6. 13. Local officials in Spanish colonies responsible for administering justice, collecting taxes, and overseeing public order.
  7. 16. Church: The Christian church led by the Pope in Rome, which played a central role in the colonization and evangelization of the Americas.
  8. 22. An Indigenous civilization in Mesoamerica known for its advanced knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and writing, largely conquered by Spanish forces.
  9. 23. Account of the Destruction of the Indies: A 1552 work by Bartolomé de las Casas, condemning the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples by Spanish colonizers.
  10. 24. Large estates or plantations in Spanish colonies, often worked by Indigenous laborers or enslaved Africans.
  11. 27. / Aztec Empire: A powerful Indigenous civilization in Mesoamerica, known for its complex society, religion, and the city of Tenochtitlan, which was conquered by Hernán Cortés.
  12. 28. A silver mining city in Bolivia, one of the richest sources of silver in the Spanish Empire.
  13. 29. Deus: A papal bull issued in 1537 that declared Indigenous peoples of the Americas to be fully human and entitled to the protection of the Church.
  14. 32. The spread of European diseases such as smallpox, which decimated Indigenous populations in the Americas following contact.
  15. 34. Spain: The Spanish colonial territory that included much of North and Central America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines.
  16. 36. debates 1550-1551: A debate in Spain over the treatment of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, largely between Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sépulveda.
  17. 37. de las Casas: A Spanish priest and missionary who advocated for the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, famously opposing the abuse of Native labor.
  18. 42. A labor system in Spanish colonies that replaced the encomienda, requiring Indigenous people to work on public projects or farms under Spanish oversight.
  19. 46. Islands: Azores, Canaries, Madeira: Island groups off the coast of Europe that were significant in the Age of Exploration for their role in the Atlantic trade routes and the colonization of the Americas.
  20. 47. Codex: A major work by Bernardino de Sahagun documenting the history, culture, and religion of the Aztecs.
  21. 48. The policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and dominance over foreign territories.
  22. 52. Pizarro: A Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in the 16th century.
  23. 53. Henry the Navigator: A Portuguese prince who sponsored explorations along the West African coast, helping initiate the Age of Exploration.
  24. 54. production: The cultivation and processing of sugar cane, a major part of the colonial economy in the Caribbean and Latin America, reliant on enslaved labor.
  25. 55. Hierarchy: The system of ranked social classes that structured colonial societies, often based on race and birthplace.
  26. 58. Imperialism: The imposition of one culture’s values, beliefs, and practices onto another, often seen in the European colonization of the Americas.
  27. 60. Diversas: A papal bull issued in 1452 that authorized the Portuguese to enslave non-Christians in Africa.
  28. 63. Columbus: An Italian explorer, whose 1492 voyage led to the European discovery of the Americas, initiating widespread exploration and colonization.
  29. 64. The practice of one country establishing control over a foreign territory, exploiting resources, and often subjugating local populations.
  30. 65. Duran: A Spanish missionary and historian who wrote about Aztec culture and history in the 16th century.
  31. 68. Pontifex: A 1455 papal bull granting Portugal the right to enslave non-Christians and explore Africa and the Americas.
  32. 70. People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, forming a significant part of colonial societies in the Americas.
  33. 71. paintings: A genre of artwork created in colonial Mexico depicting the racial mixing of Indigenous, European, and African people, illustrating social hierarchies.
  34. 72. Empire: A vast empire in South America, known for its advanced engineering, agriculture, and social organization, eventually conquered by Francisco Pizarro.
  35. 74. A title given to Spanish colonial officials who were granted land and authority to explore and settle new territories in the Americas.
  36. 75. Juana Ines de la Cruz: A Mexican writer, philosopher, and nun, known for her advocacy of women's rights and education in colonial Mexico.
  37. 79. The capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco, which was destroyed by Spanish forces led by Hernán Cortés.
  38. 81. A system in Spanish colonies where settlers were granted the right to extract labor from Indigenous peoples in exchange for protection and Christianization.
  39. 82. The mixing of different racial or ethnic groups, particularly through marriage or relationships, often applied to colonial societies.
  40. 85. People born in Spain who held the highest positions in the colonial government, often above Creoles.
Down
  1. 1. An artistic style that originated in the 17th century, characterized by dramatic, ornate, and exuberant detail, often associated with Catholic Church art during the Counter-Reformation.
  2. 2. Spanish explorers and soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas during the 16th century, often involved in the conquest of Native empires.
  3. 3. relations in New Spain: Refers to the roles and dynamics between men and women in colonial Spanish society, shaped by European patriarchy, Indigenous traditions, and colonialism.
  4. 4. Large territorial units within the Spanish Empire, each governed by a viceroy, representing the Spanish crown in the Americas. make this into 5 diffrient corss words using all theses vocab
  5. 6. of the Indies: A governing body in Spain that oversaw the administration and policy of its American colonies.
  6. 7. The period in Spanish history when Christian kingdoms reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, lasting until 1492.
  7. 8. (Indigenous, African, European): The various belief systems practiced by Indigenous peoples, Africans, and Europeans during the colonial period, often influencing colonial interactions.
  8. 9. An island in the Caribbean, split between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, where Columbus first landed in the New World.
  9. 14. A legal document read to Indigenous peoples by Spanish conquerors, claiming Spanish sovereignty and demanding conversion to Christianity.
  10. 15. Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order that played a significant role in missions and education in the Americas.
  11. 17. People of mixed African and European ancestry, often forming part of the colonial social hierarchy.
  12. 18. Rulers of kingdoms or empires, such as Spanish kings and queens, who held supreme power during the colonial period.
  13. 19. Agricultural systems in Mesoamerica, particularly the Aztecs, where man-made islands were created in lakes for farming.
  14. 20. Slave Trade: The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations and mines, constituting one of the largest forced migrations in history.
  15. 21. An island in the Caribbean that became a major British sugar colony, known for its extensive use of enslaved Africans.
  16. 25. reforms: A series of administrative and economic policies implemented by the Spanish Bourbon kings in the 18th century to strengthen control over their colonies and improve efficiency.
  17. 26. The process of turning goods, services, or people into items that can be bought, sold, or traded in the market.
  18. 30. Refers to the human workforce, including Indigenous people, Africans, and Europeans, used in colonial economies, often under harsh conditions.
  19. 31. Cieza de Leon: A Spanish explorer and chronicler who wrote about the Inca Empire and the history of South America.
  20. 33. Royal courts in Spanish colonies responsible for administering justice and overseeing colonial governance.
  21. 35. An economic theory emphasizing the accumulation of wealth through trade, colonialism, and a favorable balance of exports over imports.
  22. 38. The capital of Peru, founded by Francisco Pizarro and a key administrative and economic center in the Spanish Empire.
  23. 39. Rivalries: The competition between European powers, especially Spain, Portugal, France, and England, for dominance in the Americas and global trade.
  24. 40. de Sahagun: A Spanish missionary and scholar known for his work documenting Aztec culture, particularly through the "Florentine Codex."
  25. 41. A valuable resource mined in Spanish colonies, especially in Potosí, which was crucial to Spain's wealth and global trade.
  26. 43. The Peninsula in southwestern Europe, home to Spain and Portugal, from which colonial expansion into the Americas was launched.
  27. 44. A social system in which men hold primary power and authority, prevalent in colonial societies, particularly in Europe and the Americas.
  28. 45. monarchy: A European dynasty that ruled Spain and much of Europe, including its colonies, during the 16th and 17th centuries.
  29. 49. An intellectual movement in Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, influencing colonial reform and the development of new political ideas.
  30. 50. The blending of different religious or cultural practices, often seen in the merging of Indigenous, African, and Christian beliefs in the Americas.
  31. 51. of Iberian power: The weakening of Spanish and Portuguese dominance in the Americas and Europe, particularly after the 17th century.
  32. 56. Gines de Sépulveda: A Spanish philosopher and theologian who justified the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples, especially through his defense of Spanish colonial practices.
  33. 57. A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the division of Christianity into Protestantism and Catholicism, influencing European colonial policies.
  34. 59. Exchange: The exchange of goods, crops, diseases, and people between the New and Old Worlds following Columbus's voyages.
  35. 61. Marina: An Indigenous woman who acted as an interpreter and advisor to Hernán Cortés during his conquest of the Aztec Empire.
  36. 62. de Landa: A Spanish missionary in the Yucatán Peninsula, known for his harsh treatment of the Maya and destruction of their cultural artifacts.
  37. 66. agriculture: The large-scale cultivation of crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton using enslaved labor, particularly in the Caribbean and the Americas.
  38. 67. of Discovery: A legal concept that justified European claims to land in the Americas based on the idea that discovery by Christian nations gave them the right to claim territories.
  39. 69. The capital of Cuba and a key port city in the Spanish Empire during the colonial period.
  40. 71. Bojador: A landmark on the western coast of Africa, historically significant as a major challenge to European explorers during the Age of Exploration.
  41. 73. Cortés: A Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire.
  42. 76. II: King of Spain during the 16th century, known for his aggressive defense of Catholicism and the expansion of Spanish influence in the Americas.
  43. 77. of Tordesillas 1493: An agreement between Spain and Portugal, dividing the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two countries along a meridian line.
  44. 78. system: A labor system used by the Incas, later adapted by the Spanish, requiring communities to contribute labor for state projects.
  45. 80. People of European descent born in the colonies, typically holding significant social and economic status but often excluded from higher positions held by peninsulares.
  46. 83. taxonomy: A system of classifying people based on race, often used in colonial societies to justify social hierarchies and discrimination.
  47. 84. Caetera: A 1493 papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal, granting Spain exclusive rights to most of the Americas.