history and systems: behaviorism and gestalt

123456789101112131415161718192021
Across
  1. 3. saw the human as an extraordinary machine. Proposed drive reduction theory which posited that reduction of an innate or learned drive (motivator) was the sole basis of reinforcement.
  2. 5. posited that language is what facilitates the development of higher mental functions
  3. 7. established the founding principles of behaviorism that conceptualized behavior as habit formation and mental illness as habit disturbance.Conducted the studies on Little Albert B.
  4. 8. pioneered what later became known as systematic desensitization
  5. 10. a schedule of reinforcement that is most resistant to extinction. Since the individual does not have a way of predicting when the next reinforcement will come, but being accustomed to occasional rewards, the individual will hang on in the hope of getting one on the next try.
  6. 13. a model of learning that assumes that learning is fundamentally about forming new associations or connections
  7. 16. developed a stage theory of cognitive development
  8. 18. a process of discrimination or the ability to distinguish between two stimuli
  9. 19. proposed by Rotter. Developed a form of behaviorism that included references to internal subjective experiences like self-efficacy and locus of control.
  10. 20. proposed that caregiver-infant bonds that developed in the first year of life had significant consequences for later social, emotional, and personal development
  11. 21. developed a model of moral development that was challenged by Carol Gilligan
Down
  1. 1. aka classical conditioning that pairs a known stimulus with a response under conditions of reinforcement. Discovered by Pavlov.
  2. 2. a state of inhibition that occurs when situational demands exceed the maximum capacity for physical and psychological stress; Pavlov believed it was a state of protective inhibition
  3. 4. the gradual elimination of a conditioned response following the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
  4. 6. proposed by Bandura. Emphasized treating the symptom as the disorder. Asserted that learning is not based exclusively on simple mechanical S-R connections or reinforcement-response connections and that behavior could be learned from the environment through the process of observational learning and vicarious reinforcement.
  5. 9. the tendency for a response learned to one stimulus to occur after the presentation of a second stimulus similar to the first
  6. 11. developed the strange situation, a laboratory procedures designed to test an infant's attachment style
  7. 12. the application of gestalt theory to social issues. Proposed by Lewin. Assumed that active and thinking individuals were part of a dynamic field of interdependent forces. Lewin posited that by understanding this field, one would better understand the individual.
  8. 14. Wertheimer's optical illusion demonstrating that a whole was different than the sum of its parts.
  9. 15. considered the most influential psychologist in history. Asserted the empty organism approach and demonstrated examples of operant conditioning.
  10. 17. developed puzzle boxes to test animal intelligence. His studies suggested that readiness/preparedness, utility, and practice contributed to the learning process.