HIV

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Across
  1. 1. There are two known forms of human immuno­deficiency virus, and the most common is _____ (hint: don’t include a dash between the letters and number)
  2. 3. What kind of infectious agent is it?
  3. 5. NRTIs are chain _____, because they stop elongation of the growing chain of HIV DNA to by mimicking nucleotides once they undergo phosphorylation within a cell.
  4. 6. The enzyme that converts HIV’s genome in the host cell is a DNA ­­­_____.
  5. 11. NRTIs can halt the elongation of a growing chain of DNA, because while they are able to be used by reverse transcriptase, they do not have a 3’ _____ group, so once they’re added, no more nucleotides can be added to the chain.
  6. 15. This drug was originally approved as a treatment for HIV, but eventually became the first drug approved to prevent HIV, known as _____ for PrEP.
  7. 18. Prior to adoption of the name “human immuno­deficiency virus”, the virus believed to cause AIDS was known by several other names, including _____, abbreviated from AIDS-associated retrovirus.
  8. 19. C. _____ is the species of fungus that most often causes meningitis seen in people with HIV infection.
  9. 20. Individuals with weakened immune systems due to HIV infection are at greater risk for infection from these pathogens, which, while commonly present, don’t typically cause disease in healthy individuals.
  10. 24. In 2018, this drug became the first monoclonal antibody approved for use in those with multidrug-resistant HIV infection
  11. 25. Persistent, generalized _____ is one of the first observable signs of HIV; it was considered by some to be characteristic of was known as the prodromal phase of AIDS.
  12. 26. What broad category of infection is caused by eukaryotic organisms, typically in those with compromised immunity?
  13. 27. AZT was originally developed for what condition?
  14. 30. Oropharyngeal _____, caused by C. albicans, is an infection commonly seen in HIV infection.
  15. 31. HIV’s genetic material is made up of _____ acid.
  16. 32. Originally, the syndrome caused by HIV was viewed as a problem for a subset of men labeled as what?
  17. 33. The HIV envelope _____ spikes are made up of surface (gp120) and transmembrane (gp41) subunits.
  18. 34. _____, which is mediated by gp41, describes the process by which the HIV and host cell membranes are brought together, and it marks the final step in viral entry. Enfuvirtide, a subcutaneous injectable peptide similar in structure to a portion of gp41, targets this specific step by binding to a segment of gp41 and interfering with its ability to interact with the segment of HIV mimicked by the drug, limiting its functioning in this process.
  19. 37. In 1987, this drug became the first antiretroviral approved by the FDA for treatment of HIV/AIDS, often abbreviated to AZT.
  20. 38. Different drugs have different targets in the various steps of the HIV infection cycle. The aim of these drugs is to _____ their target in the replication cycle to limit the likelihood that the virus will be successful in proceeding as it would in the absence of the pharmaceutical agent..
  21. 40. The HIV genome is converted to _____ acid by a viral enzyme.
  22. 41. _____ meningitis is a fungal infection seen in those infected with HIV.
  23. 44. The gp120 subunit allows HIV to bind to CD4 receptors on host T ­­­­_____ cells.
  24. 46. In 2006, this drug, a combination of three antivirals, was approved by the FDA, allowing HIV treatment to be consolidated to a single pill taken only once per day.
  25. 48. This enzyme is responsible for incorporating HIV DNA into the genome of the host cell.
Down
  1. 1. This type of transmission accounts for HIV transmission between sexual partners.
  2. 2. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors can be divided into two classes: NRTIs and NNRTIs, which stand for _____ reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-_____ reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
  3. 4. Once bound to the CD4 host cell receptor, the gp120 unit also binds to a host chemokine _____, CCR5 or CXCR4, or both, depending on the tropism of that virus.
  4. 7. HIV’s genetic material is _____ -stranded.
  5. 8. Another already known virus was commonly found in people presenting with AIDS, and some thought it might be the causative agent; however, immunosuppression was known to lead to this viral infection, so it was difficult to discern whether it caused or resulted from AIDS. What is this virus, also known as HHV-5?
  6. 9. Once HIV DNA is integrated into the host DNA, it’s referred to as _____ DNA.
  7. 10. Prior to adoption of the name “human immuno­deficiency virus”, the virus believed to cause AIDS was known by several other names, including _____-III.
  8. 12. The four Hs referred to groups of people at risk for AIDS. This H indicated the group of people who didn’t have other risk factors but came from a specific country.
  9. 13. PrEP stands for pre-exposure _____.
  10. 14. HIV capsid, also known as the HIV core, as well as the capsid core, is _____-shaped and hollow.
  11. 16. The discovery of retroviruses violated the central _____ in molecular biology.
  12. 17. The four Hs referred to groups of people at risk for AIDS. This H indicated the group of people who likely were infected via transfusions. (hint: American spelling)
  13. 21. HIV is what kind of virus?
  14. 22. NNRTIs induce a _____ change in the reverse transcriptase domain containing the active site for DNA polymerization, inhibiting its function.
  15. 23. This type of sarcoma was commonly seen in those with HIV infections that progressed to AIDS.
  16. 24. Prior to discovering retroviruses, it was believed that genetic material flowed only unidirectionally, from DNA to RNA to protein. What is the process whereby DNA gives rise to RNA?
  17. 28. HIV is known to be the causative agent of what syndrome?
  18. 29. This type of transmission accounts for maternal-fetal HIV transmission.
  19. 32. The four Hs referred to groups of people at risk for AIDS. This H indicated the group of people who engaged in intravenous drug use.
  20. 35. NNRTIs _____ directly to reverse transcriptase, interfering with its ability to function.
  21. 36. Drugs used to treat HIV are called _____ medications.
  22. 39. P. jirovecii, previously known as P. carinii, is the causal agent for _____ pneumonia, often abbreviated to PCP, and commonly seen in those with HIV infections that progressed to AIDS.
  23. 42. One of the defining features of HIV is that it carries an enzyme called reverse _____ which allows its genetic material to be converted in the host cell.
  24. 43. Prior to adoption of the name “human immuno­deficiency virus”, the virus believed to cause AIDS was known by several other names, including _____ , named for its association with one of its common symptoms, a symptom that’s observable without cell counts or imaging, and is seen even in earlier stages.
  25. 45. An infectious agent was thought to be the cause when formerly healthy people began to present with similar clusters of illnesses that had typically only been found in people with known immunodeficiency, particularly because this presentation was seen at greater frequency among people belonging to a specific demographic that, as sexual minority members, were likely to have close contact with each other and spread the condition, or that specific behaviors in this group were the only means of transmitting the infectious agent.  While infection by this agent was formerly considered to be an almost certain death sentence, infected people can now have normal life expectancies with appropriate diagnosis and treatment. What is this agent?
  26. 47. The HIV _____, which is made up of proteins, contains HIV’s genome in addition to reverse transcriptase and integrase.