Human Bio Final Review

1. How is the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, leading to abnormal gametes, termed?
5. Which condition arises from non-disjunction, resulting in three copies of chromosome 21, impacting development?
6. Which enzyme unwinds DNA during replication to allow strand separation for copying?
8. How is the visible expression of a trait, driven by genotype, described?
9. During which mitotic phase are sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles?
11. Which RNA molecule pairs with adenine during transcription, replacing thymine?
14. Which structure forms in animal cells during cytokinesis to split the cytoplasm?
15. In which cell cycle phase does DNA replication occur to prepare for division?
17. During which mitotic phase do chromosomes align at the cell’s equator to ensure even distribution?
19. Which enzyme produces mRNA from a DNA template during transcription?
20. Which process in meiosis I boosts genetic diversity by swapping genetic material between homologous chromosomes?

2. Which process completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm after nuclear division?
3. Which meiosis I process enhances diversity by randomly aligning chromosomes in metaphase?
4. How are all of an individual’s genes, shaping their genetic makeup, collectively referred to?
7. How is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome, essential for inheritance patterns, described?
10. How is a cell with one copy of each chromosome type, as seen in gametes, defined?
12. Which RNA type transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
13. Which syndrome results from an XXY chromosome set, altering male development?
16. Which structure links sister chromatids, vital for their separation in mitosis?
18. How is an individual with two different alleles for a gene, affecting trait expression, classified?