Human Physiology Exam 3

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Across
  1. 2. Lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan are examples of these that the body’s innate immunity searches for to distinguish self from foreign invaders. (Acronym)
  2. 5. If some sneezed on your arm, this would be your first line of defense against the microbes present in that snot as a form of innate immunity.
  3. 8. A temporary ____ ____ forms during clotting which becomes a more stable blood clot that includes the protein fibrin.
  4. 9. The cyclic process in capillaries that controls blood flow to meet the needs of each tissue.
  5. 11. Type of pressure that is caused by the push of a fluid.
  6. 13. In skeletal muscles, the action potential moves down the T-tubules, causing the opening of DHP receptors, which causes these receptors to open, releasing calcium into the sarcoplasm.
  7. 14. These are the “organs” of the immune system since it is a functional system rather than a structural one. (2 words)
  8. 15. The characteristic of veins that make them able to hold more blood but at the expense of lower pressure than arteries.
  9. 17. The ______ reflex counteracts blood pressure changes. An increase in blood pressure increases action potentials sent to the medulla which triggers vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.
  10. 18. This is the ultimate goal of complete tetanus. (2 words)
  11. 25. These provide the greatest vascular resistance because of their ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.
  12. 26. If you got a cut that was invaded by pathogens, these would most likely be the first on the scene and also are the most abundant form of phagocytes.
  13. 30. Interferons are an example of a _____ because they are produced by virus infected cells and help fight those infections
  14. 31. Excessive accumulation of tissue fluid usually as a result of high blood pressure, plasma protein leakage, or blockage of veins.
  15. 33. The ability to change the heart rate, usually by medicine.
  16. 34. A sprinter would have a lot of ____ muscle fibers.
  17. 35. Volume of blood each ventricle pumps (HRxSV). (2 words)
Down
  1. 1. In the autorhythmic cells of the heart, _______ causes HCN channels to open, which stimulates the next action potential in the pacemaker cells.
  2. 3. The long absolute refractory period in the heart is important because it prevents ____, which allows the heart to pump rhythmically.
  3. 4. Responsible for the redness and warmth that is characteristic of inflammation and causes vasodilation for the purpose of eliminating invaders.
  4. 6. This structure of the heart allows the atria and ventricles to contract at different times by electrically separating them. (2 words)
  5. 7. Phagocytes follow chemical attractants to an area of infection in a process known as _____.
  6. 10. After death, this molecule is depleted, which prevents actin-myosin cross-bridges from breaking, causing rigor mortis.
  7. 12. This type of motor neuron helps maintain muscle spindle tension, which keeps muscle length information continuously available, so adjustments can be made.
  8. 16. Smooth muscle contractions are graded, with the amount of strength determined by the amount of _____ myosin light chains.
  9. 19. These type of nerves only promote vasodilation in arterioles and are always cholinergic.
  10. 20. Contraction force is generated by these structures.
  11. 21. One way lymphatic capillaries differ from blood vessels is that they have ____ ends.
  12. 22. The organs of the lymphatic system that act as mini filters to remove microbes and foreign substances from lymph. (2 words)
  13. 23. This hormone would be released when levels of iron in the body are high.
  14. 24. Antibiotics may hinder blood clotting because they can kill the bacteria that help make this substance that is important for clotting factor formation.
  15. 27. Type of immunity that identifies antigens with antibodies to target invaders for degradation.
  16. 28. Type of hormone that is secreted to increase blood volume and decrease blood osmolality via increasing thirst and encouraging water retention in the kidneys. (2 words)
  17. 29. An issue with this stem cell type would cause an issue in the formation of all formed elements in the blood.
  18. 32. The _______ of the blood vessels cause the resistance to blood flow observed throughout the vasculature.