Immune System

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  1. 3. One of the two main ways in which the immune system responds to pathogens. Provides long-lasting protection against specific pathogens but may take longer to start.
  2. 9. Long-lived B and T cells that are made the first time a pathogen infects the body. If the body is reinfected by the same type of pathogen, memory cells provide a faster, stronger adaptive immune response.
  3. 13. A group of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that protect the body from pathogens.
  4. 16. The processes that the immune system uses to fight pathogens. Includes two main parts, the innate and adaptive immune responses, and involves many cells and organs.
  5. 18. A type of immune cell. Includes T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
  6. 20. A process in the innate immune response that helps the body fight pathogens and repair tissue damage. Inflammation is triggered by injury or infection and can result in redness, pain, and swelling.
  7. 21. A type of T cell that kills infected cells by making them undergo apoptosis.
  8. 22. A small piece of biological material (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or nucleic acid) that can be recognized by the immune system. Antigens from pathogens or abnormal cells trigger an immune response.
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  1. 1. A substance that triggers an immune response against a pathogen without causing an infection. If the immune system encounters the same type of pathogen later, it can destroy the pathogen more quickly and efficiently than if the individual had not had a vaccine.
  2. 2. An innate immune cell. Typically the first cell type to respond to pathogens, particularly bacteria and fungi. Chemical signals (cytokines) can attract neutrophils and make them multiply.
  3. 4. A microbe that causes disease. Can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
  4. 5. One of the two main ways in which the immune system responds to pathogens. Provides immediate protection but cannot target specific pathogens.
  5. 6. An innate immune cell that kills infected and abnormal cells. Can release chemical signals (cytokines) that cause other cells to undergo apoptosis.
  6. 7. A type of T cell that activates other immune cells, including B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  7. 8. A small protein that binds to a specific antigen. Antibodies are made by plasma cells and help the immune system fight pathogens in various ways. The human immune system can generate billions of types of antibodies.
  8. 10. Small proteins released by cells to communicate with other cells. Some cytokines alert immune cells to an infection or activate certain immune cells.
  9. 11. A type of adaptive immune cell that produces antibodies. Each plasma cell makes an antibody for a specific antigen and makes several thousand copies of this antibody per second. Plasma cells come from activated B cells.
  10. 12. A small piece of biological material (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, or nucleic acid) that is part of the body or its cells. The body destroys immune cells that bind to self-antigens.
  11. 14. A process by which a cell destroys itself. Involves several chemical reactions that make the cell change appearance and then die. Apoptosis is often used to kill cells that are unneeded or abnormal.
  12. 15. An adaptive immune cell that helps target and destroy specific pathogens. After being activated by T cells, B cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies.
  13. 17. A process by which immune cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens and abnormal cells. Parts of the destroyed pathogens or cells may be absorbed by the phagocyte, released, or displayed on the phagocyte’s MHC proteins.
  14. 19. An innate immune cell that plays many roles. Macrophages are phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens and abnormal cells. They can also release chemical signals (cytokines) to attract other immune cells.