Immune System & Body's Defense

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Across
  1. 4. An antibody function where soluble antigens are bound by antibodies to form insoluble complexes that fall out of solution, allowing phagocytic cells to remove them.
  2. 5. Immunity provided by injecting antibody-containing serum from another person or animal into a patient, used in emergencies such as snakebite treatment. The protection is temporary as no memory cells are formed.
  3. 8. acquired through direct encounter with an antigen, either naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination, resulting in the production of antibodies and memory cells.
  4. 11. The initial period after first exposure to a new antigen where the type ofne system has not yet mounted a response, during which the person experiences symptoms such as fever and illness.
  5. 13. The process by which antibodies bind to foreign antigens to neutralize, agglutinate, or precipitate them, marking them for destruction by other immune cells without directly destroying them.
  6. 14. The rapid and amplified immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to previously encountered antigen, driven by memory cells with a significantly shortened or absent lag phase.
  7. 15. Long-lived B lymphocytes formed after initial antigen exposure that circulate for months or years and enable a faster, stronger antibody response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
  8. 16. The immune response that occurs upon first exposure to a new antigen, characterized by a lag phase, followed by IgM and then IgG production, and the formation of memory cells.
  9. 18. An antibody function where antibodies bind to a pathogen or toxin and block its ability to infect cells or cause harm, effectively inactivating it.
  10. 19. Immunity induced by vaccination, where a weakened, killed, or partial pathogen or its components are introduced to stimulate antibody production and memory cell formation without causing full disease.
  11. 20. Immunity acquired by receiving pre-formed antibodies from another individual or animal, without direct antigen exposure. It is temporary as no memory cells are formed.
Down
  1. 1. Immunity developed as a result of naturally contracting and recovering from an infectious disease, leading to long-term memory cell formation.
  2. 2. The process by which B lymphocytes become activated, requiring two signals: antigen binding via surface receptors and chemical signals from helper T lymphocytes, leading to clonal expansion into plasma cells or memory B cells.
  3. 3. A type of cell that acts as the coordinator of the immune system, sending chemical signals to activate both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B cells, making it essential for adaptive immunity.
  4. 6. The first class of antibodies produced during an initial immune response, appearing around five days after first exposure. They are pentameric in structure and are involved in neutralization and agglutination.
  5. 7. Immunity transferred naturally from mother to child, such as IgG antibodies crossing the placenta or antibodies passed through breast milk. These antibodies are temporary and do not produce memory cells in the infant.
  6. 9. Activated B lymphocytes that differentiate to produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies specific to the antigen that triggered their activation.
  7. 10. The most abundant antibody class in the body, produced after IgM during a primary response. They circulate widely in body fluids, can cross the placenta, and are capable of neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation.
  8. 12. Antibodies involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites. Rather than tagging pathogens, they triiger the release of histamine from mast cells, causing inflammation and recruiting other immune cells.
  9. 17. Antibodies found in external secretions such as saliva, mucus, tears, and breast milk that protect body entrances and exits from pathogens. They have a dimeric structure and can perform neutralization and agglutination.