Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System

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Across
  1. 5. A severe form of MDR-TB with additional resistance to two or more drugs, reported in over 100 countries, with an estimated 70% mortality rate within months of diagnosis.
  2. 7. A gradual change in influenza virus surface glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) due to mutation, requiring a new seasonal flu vaccine each year.
  3. 11. The acid-fast bacillus responsible for tuberculosis, characterized by a waxy cell wall containing mycolic acids that enhance survival within macrophages and the environment.
  4. 12. A virus transmitted via airborne dust contaminated with the urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents, responsible for the 1993 Four Corners Disease outbreak causing severe lung edema in healthy young adults.
  5. 16. The portion of the respiratory system consisting of the mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.
  6. 19. An antiviral drug used to treat influenza that prevents assembled virions from leaving the host cell, but must be taken early in infection and has seen resistance develop.
  7. 20. A type of healthcare-acquired pneumonia most commonly associated with mechanical ventilation via an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, with a mortality rate up to 50%.
Down
  1. 1. A glycoprotein spike on the influenza virus envelope responsible for the release of newly assembled virions from the host cell.
  2. 2. A fungal pathogen and common opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly AIDS patients, whose chitin-based cell well renders traditional antifungal drugs ineffective.
  3. 3. A complication of S. pyogenes infection caused by a strain infected with a bacteriophage that grants the ability to produce erythrogenic toxin, resulting in a sandpaper-textured rash and high fever.
  4. 4. A form of TB defined by resistance to multiple drug treatments, commonly arising from patient noncompliance with antibiotic regimens.
  5. 6. A mechanism by which normal resident microbes compete with pathogens for resources and space, reducing the chances of pathogens establishing an infection.
  6. 8. An exotoxin produced by bacteriophage-infected S. pyogenes strains that causes the red rash and induces fever characteristic of scarlet fever.
  7. 9. The reactivation of dormant TB bacteria causing severe symptoms including violent coughing with bloody sputum, fever, weight loss, night sweats, and chest pain, with a 60% mortality rate if untreated.
  8. 10. A virulence factor of S. pyogenes that resists phagocytosis and contributes to bacterial adherence to host tissues.
  9. 13. A gram-positive, chain-forming coccus that is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat), producing multiple exotoxins and capable of causing scarlet fever and rheumatic fever if untreated.
  10. 14. A drastic change in the influenza virus resulting from RNA exchange between different influenza strains during coinfection of a host cell, often producing pandemic strains.
  11. 15. The initial, often asymptomatic stage of TB infection in which bacteria multiply inside macrophages, leading to tubercle formation and necrotic caseous lesions in the lungs that heal by calcification.
  12. 17. A serious complication of untreated S. pyogenes infection characterized by fever, painful joints, a splotchy non-itchy rash, and a narrowed bicuspid valve heart murmur on the left side of the heart.
  13. 18. A glycoprotein spike on the influenza virus envelope responsible for viral attachment to host cells.