key vocabulary

2. the push or pull acting on an object
4. the ability to achieve maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort, expense, or energy
5. a physical quantity fully described by magnitude (a number and unit) alone, without direction
6. the state of a system where all acting forces and torques are balanced, resulting in zero net force and zero net torque
11. vector quantity representing the change in an object's position
12. a numerical or qualitative measurement of how far apart objects, points, or locations are
13. the vector quantity that indicates the change in displacement of an object
15. the natural tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion, including changes to speed or direction
16. invisible force that draws any two objects with mass or energy toward each other
18. certain physical properties—such as energy, mass, momentum, and charge—remain constant over time within an isolated system, meaning they cannot be created or destroyed

1. the quantitative, conserved property (measured in joules) representing a system's capacity to do work, produce heat, or emit light
3. the rate at which an object's velocity changes over time, encompassing speed and direction
7. a scalar field representing stored energy per unit quantity (mass or charge) based on an object's position within a force field
8. the rate at which an object moves, covers distance, or acts, calculated as distance divided by time
9. he energy an object possesses due to its motion
10. the force exerted on that matter by gravity, measured in newtons (N), which varies depending on location
14. quantities defined by both magnitude (size) and direction
17. constant measure of the amount of matter in an object