Land Subtopic 5.2

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Across
  1. 4. Interval when land is left unplanted to restore fertility naturally.
  2. 8. Compression of soil particles reducing pore space, aeration, and water infiltration.
  3. 9. Planting trees on cleared land to restore vegetation cover and stabilize soil.
  4. 10. Capacity of soil to provide nutrients and support plant growth.
  5. 11. Water flow over land surface when infiltration is insufficient, often causing erosion.
  6. 14. Presence of toxic substances (pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons) reducing soil biological activity and safety.
  7. 15. Removal of trees and vegetation cover, leading to loss of root binding and increased erosion.
  8. 17. Deep, wide channels carved by running water on unprotected slopes.
  9. 20. Establishing forest cover on land not previously forested.
  10. 21. Saturation of soil with water, displacing air and reducing oxygen availability for roots.
  11. 23. Formation of small channels by concentrated water flow on slopes.
  12. 25. Rows of trees or shrubs planted to reduce wind speed and protect soil.
  13. 26. Covering the soil surface with organic material to reduce evaporation and erosion.
  14. 28. Agricultural system avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, emphasizing compost and soil health.
  15. 31. A broader form of windbreak designed to protect large agricultural areas.
  16. 32. Strategies to prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintaining fertility and structure.
  17. 34. Amount of stable organic matter improving soil structure and water retention.
  18. 39. Continuous cropping that exhausts soil nutrients and structure without sufficient fallow or fertilization.
  19. 40. Removal of topsoil by agents such as wind or water, reducing fertility and increasing sedimentation elsewhere.
  20. 43. Speed at which water enters the soil surface; high in sandy soils, low in clays.
  21. 45. Nutrient enrichment of water bodies by leached fertilizers, causing algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
  22. 47. Coordinated approach combining conservation, fertilization, and crop practices to sustain soil productivity.
  23. 49. Integration of trees with crops or livestock to enhance biodiversity, soil stability, and nutrient cycling.
  24. 50. Mass of dry soil per unit volume, indicating compaction and porosity.
Down
  1. 1. Cultivation along lines of equal elevation to reduce runoff and soil loss.
  2. 2. Proportion of void spaces in soil affecting air and water movement.
  3. 3. The soil’s capacity to recover structure, fertility, and function after disturbance.
  4. 5. Use of organisms to detoxify polluted soils.
  5. 6. Decrease in soil pH due to acid rain, fertilizers, or organic matter decomposition.
  6. 7. Alternating crops on the same land to maintain nutrient balance and reduce pests.
  7. 12. Mechanical turning or loosening of soil to prepare for planting; excessive tillage can cause erosion and compaction.
  8. 13. Soil-free crop cultivation in nutrient solutions, avoiding soil degradation entirely.
  9. 16. Accumulation of salts in the soil surface layer due to poor irrigation or drainage.
  10. 18. The decline in soil quality and productivity due to natural or human factors such as erosion, compaction, salinization, or nutrient loss.
  11. 19. Down-slope transport of soil or rock under gravity (e.g. landslides).
  12. 22. Movement of dry, loose soil particles by wind; common in arid regions.
  13. 24. Uniform removal of soil surface by rainfall and runoff.
  14. 27. depletion Reduction of essential plant nutrients in soil, lowering fertility.
  15. 29. Formation of a dense, hard layer on the soil surface due to raindrop impact or irrigation, impeding seedling growth.
  16. 30. Agricultural practice of growing a single crop species over a large area, reducing biodiversity and resilience.
  17. 33. Farming that meets current needs without compromising soil fertility or environmental integrity for the future.
  18. 35. Plants grown between main crops to protect and enrich the soil, often legumes that fix nitrogen.
  19. 36. Loss of soluble nutrients as they are washed downward by percolating water.
  20. 37. The fertile uppermost soil layer rich in organic matter and nutrients; easily lost to erosion.
  21. 38. The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically through drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
  22. 41. Proportion of applied water actually used by crops; higher efficiency reduces salinization risk.
  23. 42. System delivering water directly to plant roots, minimizing evaporation and salt buildup.
  24. 44. Creation of stepped fields on slopes to slow water flow and reduce erosion.
  25. 46. Strategic arrangement of human activities to minimize environmental degradation.
  26. 48. Excessive grazing by livestock that damages vegetation and exposes soil to erosion.