Language learning terms

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Across
  1. 2. Switching: Using two (or more) languages within a discourse to explain something.
  2. 3. When a baby or toddler can produce a sentence, albeit with errors.
  3. 6. Vygotsky coined the terms Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding in his theory of learning.
  4. 8. The period when learners commence to use complex sentences and improve their fluency in the target language.
  5. 9. The period when learners are able to communicate using simple utterances.
  6. 12. Two-unit/word utterance stage.
  7. 13. A language originally coming from another country.
  8. 15. A theory of teaching and, in a wider sense, a theory and practical application of teaching and learning.
  9. 19. In this period, learners are able to identify errors and can make changes to their speech.
  10. 20. A language used in a particular geographical area.
  11. 21. A language learners are studying either as a second or foreign language.
  12. 23. Usually studied in universities for literary value.
  13. 24. The art of teaching (children).
  14. 27. Learners do not remain passive when they receive information. Learning is learning to think.
  15. 29. The language one speaks best or in which he or she is very competent.
  16. 30. A language used as a means of communication between populations speaking languages that are not mutually intelligible.
  17. 32. A language which is a symbol of a country, often linked or tied to historical, cultural, and ethnic factors.
Down
  1. 1. The language an individual speaks right from birth.
  2. 3. Learning Theory: Children learn through modeled behavior (attention, retention, and reproduction).
  3. 4. Sometimes called the “comprehensive output” phase.
  4. 5. Sometimes called the “comprehensive input” stage.
  5. 7. A standard language given a special legal status in a nation.
  6. 10. Learning: This type of learning is self-initiated and self-discovered.
  7. 11. Characterized by the absence of semantic units in a baby’s utterances.
  8. 14. A language which is in use in everyday interactions.
  9. 16. A language which is not the child’s mother tongue, learned later in life either formally at school or informally in a natural setting.
  10. 17. A system of communication among human beings.
  11. 18. A natural process which involves interaction with parents and other adults speaking the same language.
  12. 22. Language learning involves subjecting learners to imitation and repetition of structures of the target language.
  13. 25. Psychology: Learners remain passive; related to Chomsky’s theory which believes in the innateness of linguistic features in individuals.
  14. 26. A language of a country that an individual is “born in.”
  15. 28. Characterized by one-word utterances.
  16. 31. A formal way of mastering a second or foreign language.