18th Century Europe

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Across
  1. 2. Author of "The Spirit of the Laws": a comparative study of governments in which he applies the scientific method to the social and political scenes to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships of human beings. What he did was establish three basic kinds of governments: republics, monarchies, and despotism.
  2. 6. An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government doesn’t interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand. The state should in no way interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by government regulation.
  3. 11. Louis XVI was quite upset with the whole turn of revolutionary events, so he sought to flee France in June 1791 to this place.
  4. 13. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by this French term
  5. 14. Considered an enlightened absolute whose policies strengthened the landholding class at the expense of all others, especially serfs.
  6. 15. A religion created by John Wesley that revived Christianity and proved that the need for spiritual experience hadn't been expunged by the 18th century search for reason.
  7. 18. On June 17, 1789, the Third Estate constituted itself a National () and vowed to draw up a constitution.
  8. 19. The members of this group sought security and status through the purchase of land. They had their own set of grievances because they were often excluded from the social and political privileges monopolized by the nobles. These resentments of the middle class were for a long time assumed to be a major cause of the French Revolution.
  9. 20. The War of Spanish () was the last of Louis XIV's wars, in which he challenged Philip V of Spain for rights to the Spanish throne.
  10. 23. Absolute monarchs who followed the principles of the Enlightenment, such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II of Austria.
  11. 25. His "Philosophic Letters on the English" in 1733 expressed a deep admiration of English life, especially its freedom of press, political freedom, and religious toleration, criticizing the ill opressings in France with its royal absolutism and lack of religious toleration and freedom of thought. In 1763, he wrote his Treatise of Toleration, arguing that religious toleration had created no additional problems for England and Holland.
  12. 27. The English writer who had the strongest statements of women’s rights. In her "Vindication of the Rights of a Woman" from 1792, she pointed out two contradictions in the views of women held by Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau.
  13. 30. His first treatise sort of corresponds with the work of Adam Smith in that the government should stay out of the matters of individuals. It very much set the groundwork for participatory democracy. His second treatise and his emphasis on heart and sentiment made him a precursor of the intellectual movement romanticism that swept Europe in the early nineteenth century. He is often called the “father of romanticism”.
  14. 31. This Austrian ruler and successor of Maria Theresa implemented many Enlightenment ideas such as the abolishment of serfdom and the principle of equality of all before the law.
  15. 32. One of the boldest thinkers of the Enlightenment who was known for his criticism and attacks on Christianity. His "Encyclopedia" was most important to philosophes because it helped them battle and express concerns about the old and traditional French society. They attacked religious superstition and advocated for toleration as well as a program for social, legal, and political improvements that would create a more cosmopolitan, tolerant, reasonable, and human society.
  16. 33. This so-called revolution allowed for a large increase in productivity during the 18th century and created the proper conditions for the Industrial Revolution.
Down
  1. 1. A late eighteenth-century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome.
  2. 3. This reaction began after the execution of Robespierre, the reaction named after the month of Thermidor.
  3. 4. The Peace of () ended Louis XIV's wars, confirmed Philip V as the Spanish king, divided up disputed territories, and stated that the French and Spanish thrones were to remain separate, maintaining a balance of power.
  4. 5. An artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm, unlike the Baroque style that also was around at this time. This new artistic movement arose in the 1730s and began to influence decoration and architecture all over Europe.
  5. 7. The Committee of Public () was given broad powers in an attempt to administer the government. They also instituted the “Reign of Terror”. This executive council was dominated initially by Danton. Virtually the same twelve members were reelected and gave the country the leadership it needed to weather the domestic and foreign crises of 1793. It also took steps to control France and to create a new republican order and republican citizens.
  6. 8. This was a revolt that started the French Revolution, a major European turning point socially and politically, where the “old regime” was destroyed and a new order based on individual rights, representative institutions, and loyalty to the nation rather than the monarchy.
  7. 9. used to execute Louis XVI; This device was used quite frequently during the Reign of Terror. This was a revolutionary device for the quick and efficient separation of heads from bodies.
  8. 10. Napoleon established himself as France's first () in 1799. With this position, he directly controlled the entire executive authority over the government. He had an overwhelming influence over the legislature, appointed members of the bureaucracy, controlled the army, and conducted foreign affairs.
  9. 12. A time period that brought society into a new intellectual, elite light, greatly influenced by the achievements of the Scientific Revolution in the previous century. Ideas of the previous century made massive spreads and for most philosophers, this period included the rejection of traditional Christianity. Intellectual life was marked by the emergence of secularization and reason and materialism began replacing faith and worship.
  10. 16. They were the most famous political club that grew out of opposition to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. They also became a very prominent group around Paris and among the Parisians during the Radical Phase of the French Revolution.
  11. 17. This famous musician was a child prodigy who gave his first harpsichord concert when he was six and wrote his first opera at twelve.
  12. 21. The () industry was a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their Cottages using raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs who would later sell the finished products.
  13. 22. The belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it into motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws. It was created by Voltaire and suggested the existence of a mechanic (God) who created the universe, corresponding with the common belief that God had no involvement with the events on Earth.
  14. 24. Gatherings of philosophers and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment. They acquired their name from the elegant drawing rooms where they met.
  15. 26. Russia's GREAT ruler who created their first navy, implemented mercantilist policies, established religious control, and westernized Russia.
  16. 28. The territory Prussia took from Austria during the War of Austrian Succession that was officially signed over to Prussia after the Seven Year's War.
  17. 29. organized massacres of Jews
  18. 33. the creator of the "water frame"