Lesson 3.1 Key Terms:

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Across
  1. 2. carbon steel Steel with a carbon content of about 0.6% to 2.1%; it can be hardened and is used for things like cutting tools.
  2. 4. property A characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition (e.g., density, color, conductivity).
  3. 7. property A characteristic that describes how a substance reacts chemically, such as corrosion resistance.
  4. 8. Metals and alloys composed primarily of iron (Fe).
  5. 10. Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation, scratching, or abrasion.
  6. 11. A nonferrous metal often used in alloys like brass (with copper) and as a protective coating for steel (galvanizing).
  7. 13. A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom; cannot be separated into simpler parts by chemical means.
  8. 15. reaction A process that involves the rearrangement of the atoms of a substance to form a new substance (e.g., rust formation).
  9. 20. expansion The tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature (coefficient of linear thermal expansion).
  10. 22. The electrode in an electrical device through which conventional current flows inward (electrons flow outward).
  11. 24. A mixture of metals not bonded chemically; often stronger or harder than pure metals.
  12. 25. The ability of a metal to be drawn or stretched into a wire or thread without breaking.
  13. 26. A very lightweight metal with low density; used in aluminum alloys.
  14. 27. A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
  15. 29. A heat treatment process to increase the hardness and strength of a metal, often making it more brittle.
  16. 32. The measure of a material's ability to conduct electricity or heat.
  17. 35. The amount of space an object occupies.
  18. 38. A substance (like a salt, acid, or base dissolved in water) that conducts electricity through the movement of ions.
  19. 39. A group of atoms bonded together, the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.
  20. 40. A measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume.
  21. 43. strength The ability of a metal to resist being pulled apart or stretched without breaking.
  22. 45. A material property where it fractures with little to no plastic deformation when subjected to stress, often making a snapping sound.
  23. 46. The opposition a material offers to the flow of electric current or heat.
Down
  1. 1. The electrode from which conventional current leaves an electrical device (electrons flow into it).
  2. 3. reaction An electrochemical process where one metal corrodes preferentially when in electrical contact with a different metal and an electrolyte.
  3. 5. The deterioration of a metal due to a chemical reaction with its environment, such as rusting.
  4. 6. property Characteristics of a material that describe how it behaves under a load or applied force (e.g., strength, hardness, ductility).
  5. 9. The ability of a material to deform under stress and return to its original shape when the stress is removed (elasticity).
  6. 12. An alloy composed primarily of iron and a small amount of carbon.
  7. 14. replacement reaction A type of chemical reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound; exploited in galvanic cells.
  8. 16. A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions.
  9. 17. A chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons, often resulting in corrosion (e.g., the formation of rust or an aluminum oxide layer).
  10. 18. A physical property where a material produces a field that attracts or repels other magnetic materials (iron is magnetic, aluminum is not).
  11. 19. conductivity A measure of a material's potential to conduct heat.
  12. 21. The basic unit of an element.
  13. 23. An atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
  14. 24. A lightweight, corrosion-resistant, highly malleable, and excellent conductor of heat and electricity; a nonferrous metal.
  15. 28. carbon steel Steel with a carbon content below 0.3% (e.g., AISI 1020); relatively soft and easy to work with.
  16. 30. A heat treatment process that involves heating and slow cooling to increase ductility and reduce hardness, making a material more workable.
  17. 31. A soft, reddish-brown, highly malleable and ductile metal; an excellent conductor of electricity and heat.
  18. 33. bond A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
  19. 34. A common, inexpensive ferrous metal (Fe) that is the primary component of steel.
  20. 36. A unit of electrical potential difference or electromotive force; generated by a galvanic reaction in a battery.
  21. 37. steel An alloy of iron, carbon, and chromium (which provides a protective oxide layer) that resists rust and corrosion.
  22. 39. The ability of a metal to be shaped or bent by hammering or rolling without shattering or breaking.
  23. 41. Metals and alloys that do not contain iron as their primary constituent; typically have superior corrosion resistance (e.g., copper, aluminum).
  24. 42. A material typically characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, luster, malleability, and ductility.
  25. 44. A heat treatment process applied to hardened steel to reduce its brittleness and increase its toughness (often done after quenching).