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Across
  1. 5. revolution Gradual shift from small, mobile hunting and gathering bands to settled agricultural communities in which people survived by learning how to breed and raise wild animals and to cultivate wild plants near where they lived. It began 10,000[[endash]]12,000 years ago. Compare environmental revolution, hunter[[endash]]gatherers, industrial[[endash]]medical revolution, information and globalization revolution.
  2. 7. sustainable society Society that satisfies the basic needs of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources and thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs.
  3. 10. Sensible and careful use of natural resources by humans. People with this view are called conservationists.
  4. 12. source Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment. Examples are the smokestack of a power plant or an industrial plant, drainpipe of a meatpacking plant, chimney of a house, or exhaust pipe of an automobile. Compare nonpoint source.
  5. 13. A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth’s life support systems for us and other species.
  6. 14. Anything obtained from the living and nonliving environment to meet human needs and wants. It can also be applied to other species.
  7. 18. resource Resource that people normally are free to use; each user can deplete or degrade the available supply. Most are renewable and owned by no one. Examples are clean air, fish in parts of the ocean not under the control of a coastal country, migratory birds, gases of the lower atmosphere, and the ozone content of the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). See tragedy of the commons.
  8. 19. capita GDP Annual gross domestic product (GDP) of a country divided by its total population at mid-year midyear. It gives the average slice of the economic pie per person. Used to be called per capita GNP. See gross domestic product.
  9. 20. An interdisciplinary study that uses information from the physical sciences and social sciences tolerant how the earth works and how to deal with environmental problems.
  10. 27. environmental worldviews Humans are the planet's most important species and should become managers or stewards of the earth. See planetary management worldview, stewardship worldview.
  11. 29. environmental worldview Viewing undeveloped land as a hostile wilderness to be conquered (cleared, planted) and exploited for its resources as quickly as possible. Compare environmental wisdom worldview, planetary management worldview, spaceship-earth worldview.
  12. 31. Using a product over and over again in the same form. An example is collecting, washing, and refilling glass beverage bottles. Compare recycling.
  13. 32. resource See nonrenewable resource.
  14. 33. Country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GNP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
  15. 34. Broad process of global social, economic, and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world. See information and globalization revolution.
  16. 36. capital Positive force created when people with different views and values find common ground and work together to build understanding, trust, and informed shared visions of what their communities, states, nations, and the world could and should be. Compare natural capital.
  17. 37. of 70 Doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate). See doubling time, exponential growth.
  18. 38. sustainable yield See sustainable yield.
  19. 40. revolution Use of new sources of energy from fossil fuels and later from nuclear fuels, and use of new technologies, to grow food and manufacture products. Compare agricultural revolution, environmental revolution, hunter[[endash]]gatherers, information and globalization revolution.
  20. 44. source Large or dispersed land areas such as crop fields, streets, and lawns that discharge pollutants into the environment over a large area. Compare point source.
  21. 45. management worldview Beliefs that (1) as the planet’s most important species, we are in charge of the earth; (2) we will not run out of resources because of our ability to develop and find new ones; (3) the potential for economic growth is essentially unlimited; and (4) our success depends on how well we manage the earth's life-support systems mostly for our own benefit. See spaceship-earth worldview. Compare environmental wisdom worldview, stewardship worldview.
  22. 46. Collecting and reprocessing a resource so that it can be made into new products. An example is collecting aluminum cans, melting them down, and using the aluminum to make new cans or other aluminum products. Compare reuse.
  23. 47. yield (sustained yield) Highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area. See also environmental degradation.
  24. 48. Person who is concerned about the impact of people on environmental quality and believe that some human actions are degrading parts of the earth's life-support systems for humans and many other forms of life. Compare conservation biologist, conservationist, ecologist, environmental scientist, preservationist, restorationist.
  25. 52. Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person or population with the renewable resources they use and to absorb or dispose of the wastes from such resource use. It measures the average environmental impact of individuals or populations in different countries and areas.
  26. 58. See developed country.
  27. 59. All external conditions and factors, living and nonliving (chemicals and energy), that affect an organism or other specified system during its lifetime.
Down
  1. 1. growth Growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases at a constant rate per unit of time. An example is the growth sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on; when the increase in quantity over time is plotted, this type of growth yields a curve shaped like the letter J. Compare linear growth.
  2. 2. capital Solar energy from the sun reaching the earth. Compare natural resources.
  3. 3. prevention Device or process that prevents a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or sharply reduces the amount entering the environment. Compare pollution cleanup.
  4. 4. Ability of a system to survive for some specified (finite) time.
  5. 6. Depletion or disruption of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished.If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable/extinct.
  6. 8. Unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of affluent consumers in the United States and other developed countries.
  7. 9. Country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GNP.
  8. 11. domestic product (GDP) Annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country.
  9. 15. Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
  10. 16. People who get their food by gathering edible wild plants and other materials and by hunting wild animals and fish. Compare agricultural revolution, environmental revolution, industrial[[endash]]medical revolution, information and globalization revolution.
  11. 17. developed country (MDC) See developed country.
  12. 21. and globalization revolution Use of new technologies such as the telephone, radio, television, computers, the Internet, automated databases, and remote sensing satellites to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale. Compare agricultural revolution, environmental revolution, hunter[[endash]]gatherers, industrial[[endash]]medical revolution.
  13. 22. pollution control See pollution cleanup.
  14. 23. developed country (LDC) See developing country.
  15. 24. science Scientific data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by scientists considered experts in the area of study. These results of science are very reliable. Compare frontier science, junk science.
  16. 25. pollution control See pollution prevention.
  17. 26. capital See natural resources.
  18. 28. use Use of an ecosystem such as a forest for a variety of purposes such as timber harvesting, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and recreation. Compare sustainable yield.
  19. 30. worldview Beliefs that (1) we are the planet's most important species but we have an ethical responsibility to care for the rest of nature; (2) we will probably not run out of resources but they should not be wasted; (3) we should encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage environmentally harmful forms of economic growth; and (4) our success depends on how well we can manage the earth's life-support systems for our benefit and for the rest of nature. Compare environmental wisdom worldview, planetary management worldview, spaceship earth worldview.
  20. 35. resource An essentially inexhaustible resource on a human time scale. Solar energy is an example. Compare nonrenewable resource, renewable resource.
  21. 39. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; responsible for managing federal efforts to control air and water pollution, radiation and pesticide hazards, environmental research, hazardous waste, and solid-solid waste disposal.
  22. 41. resource Resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in various places in the earth's crust and has the potential for renewal by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. Examples are copper, aluminum, coal, and oil. We classify these resources as exhaustible because we are extracting and using them at a much faster rate than they were formed. Compare renewable resource.
  23. 42. Ability of earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely. This is another name for sustainability.
  24. 43. Variety of different species (species diversity), genetic variability among individuals within each species (genetic diversity), variety of ecosystems (ecological diversity), and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities (functional diversity).
  25. 46. resource Resource that can be replenished rapidly (hours to several decades) through natural processes. Examples are trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, wild animals, fresh surface water in lakes and streams, most groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil. If such a resource is used faster than it is replenished, it can be depleted and converted into a nonrenewable resource. Compare nonrenewable resource and perpetual resource. See also environmental degradation.
  26. 49. The time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70.
  27. 50. Increase in the capacity to provide people with goods and services produced by an economy; an increase in gross domestic product (GDP).
  28. 51. A particular chemical or form of energy that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. See pollution.
  29. 53. See developing country.
  30. 54. resource See common-property resource.
  31. 55. of the commons Depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access. An example is the depletion of commercially desirable fish species in the open ocean beyond areas controlled by coastal countries. See common-property resource.
  32. 56. Biological scientist who studies relationships between living organisms and their environment.
  33. 57. Study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy.