Logical Fallacies Review

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Across
  1. 3. This fallacy claims there are only two options in a given situation. Often, these two options are extreme opposites of each other, failing to acknowledge that other, more reasonable, options exist.
  2. 6. This is when someone continues doing something because of the effort they already put in it, regardless of whether the additional costs outweigh the potential benefits.
  3. 7. This is an informal fallacy in which one attempts to protect their universal generalization from a falsifying counterexample by excluding the counterexample improperly.
  4. 8. This is the belief that the probability for an outcome after a series of outcomes is not the same as the probability for a single outcome.
  5. 9. An example of this fallacy - Aliens don’t exist. If they did, we would have seen one by now.
  6. 11. An example of this fallacy - Losing a tooth can be scary, but have you heard about the Tooth Fairy?
  7. 12. This fallacy says that because one thing happened after another, it means that the first thing caused the second thing happen.
  8. 14. This fallacy avoids the argument by shifting focus onto something's or someone's origins.
  9. 15. This is a statement crafted to mislead or confuse readers or listeners by using multiple meanings or interpretations of a word or simply through unclear phrasing.
Down
  1. 1. This is when the speaker attacks his opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.
  2. 2. AKA cherry-picking; this fallacy is committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are overemphasized.
  3. 4. An example of this fallacy - "Smoking pot is against the law because it's wrong; I know it's wrong because it is against the law."
  4. 5. When a speaker avoids having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - he answers criticism with criticism.
  5. 10. This is also referred to as the equivocation fallacy; an example would be "I don't understand why you're saying I broke a promise. I said I'd never speak to my ex-girlfriend again. And I didn't. I just sent her some pictures and text messages."
  6. 13. An example of this fallacy - "If you miss practice, it means you were probably goofing off. People who goof off drop out of school and end up penniless."