Major polities of the Hellenistic World

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  1. 1. Kingdom of ________ (3rd - 1st centuries BCE) - wealthy Hellenistic kingdom in western Anatolia founded by Philetaerus, an official of Lysimachus - one of the Diadochi / became independent after the death of Lysimachus in 281 BCE and grew into a major cultural center of the Hellenistic World / developed a famous library that rivaled Alexandria’s, built impressive monuments including the Altar of Zeus, and became major center for the production of parchment - a durable writing material made from animal skins
  2. 3. Kingdom of ________ (281–62 BCE) - located along the Black Sea in northeastern Anatolia / founded by Mithridates I Ktistes and ruled by a dynasty w/ Persian roots / blended Persian royal traditions w/ Greek language, art, and culture / reached its height under Mithridates IV, who expanded Pontic power across Anatolia and challenged Roman expansion in the eastern Mediterranean - he ordered the massacre of tens of thousands of Roman and Italian residents (known as the Asiatic Vespers of 88 BCE) in Asia Minor before being defeated by Pompey in 63 BCE
  3. 5. ________ Kingdom (7th century BCE - 168 BCE) - ancient kingdom north of Greece whose people shared Greek language and religious traditions, but were often viewed as culturally different or "semi-barbarian" by southern Greek city-states because of their rural society and monarchy / briefly became a Persian client kingdom during the early 5th century BCE before later emerging as the dominant power in the Greek world under Philip II and his son, Alexander / transformed into an empire after Alexander’s conquest of the Persian Empire, spreading Greek language and culture throughout the Mediterranean and Near East / became the center of the Antigonid Kingdom
  4. 6. ________ Kingdom (312–63 BCE - the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms that stretched from Anatolia and Syria through Mesopotamia and Persia / fought the Ptolemaic Kingdom in a series of conflicts known as the Syrian Wars over control of the Eastern Mediterranean / interacted w/ the Mauryan Empire in India / conquered by the Romans under Pompey in 63 BCE
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  1. 2. ________ Kingdom (306-168 BCE) - controlled Macedon and much of mainland Greece, though city-states such as Athens and Sparta frequently rebelled / conquered by the Romans during the Third Macedonian War, which ended Macedonian independence
  2. 4. ________ Kingdom (305-30 BCE) - based in Alexandria / Greek and Macedonian elites ruled over a native Egyptian majority, which continued living much as they had before Alexander’s conquest / faced repeated revolts especially in Upper Egypt - during the Great Egyptian Revolt (206-186 BCE), rebels established an independent kingdom in parts of southern Egypt / blended Greek and Egyptian traditions / supported major advances in science, art, and scholarship / ended w/ the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE