Mechanisms and Regulation of Blood Pressure

4. The ability of the heart muscle to contract, which influences cardiac output and, consequently, blood pressure.
5. A hormone that promotes sodium and water retention by the kidneys, which increases blood volume and raises blood pressure.
6. Blockers: Medications that block the effects of epinephrine on the heart, reducing heart rate and lowering blood pressure.
8. A hormone that signals the kidneys to retain sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume and elevated blood pressure.
9. A neurotransmitter released during stress, which increases heart rate and induces vasoconstriction, raising blood pressure.
11. The thickening and hardening of arterial walls, often caused by long-term high blood pressure.
12. The number representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats).
13. The widening of blood vessels, which reduces vascular resistance and lowers blood pressure.

1. Medications that promote the excretion of sodium and water from the body, reducing blood volume and lowering blood pressure.
2. The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases vascular resistance and raises blood pressure.
3. The number representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
6. Stretch-sensitive receptors in blood vessels that help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes in vessel stretch.
7. System: A hormone system that regulates blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction and fluid retention.
10. The volume of blood in the heart prior to contraction, influencing the stroke volume and blood pressure.
11. The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.