Medical Microbiology

3. A vaccine made from weakened pathogens that still replicate.
5. A microbial strain with resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs.
6. A molecular test that amplifies DNA to detect specific genetic sequences.
9. A class of antibiotics that block cell wall synthesis by targeting peptidoglycan cross‑linking.
10. A viral surface protein that binds host cells and enables entry.
12. Complete lysis of red blood cells around bacterial colonies on blood agar.

1. A widespread epidemic affecting multiple countries or continents.
2. A major change in viral surface proteins caused by genetic reassortment.
4. An assay that uses antibodies and color change to measure antigen or antibody levels.
7. A disease that appears infrequently and irregularly in a population.
8. A vaccine containing purified microbial components rather than whole organisms.
11. A sudden increase in disease cases within a specific region or population.