Medieval Europe

1. Religious officials, such as priests, bishops, and monks, who performed church duties.
3. The code of conduct followed by medieval knights, including bravery and honour.
4. A deadly disease, such as the Black Death, that devastated Europe in the Middle Ages.
6. A member of the lower class who worked the land and had few rights.
7. A peasant who was bound to the land and worked for a lord in exchange for protection.
11. A mounted warrior who served a lord and followed the code of chivalry.
13. The act of officially excluding someone from the Church and its sacraments.
14. A powerful siege weapon used to launch projectiles at enemy fortifications.
16. A religious community where monks lived, worked, and worshipped.
18. The social and economic system based on land ownership, loyalty, and service.

2. An association of craftsmen or merchants who controlled trade and standards in a town.
3. A series of religious wars fought to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
5. The economic structure of medieval society centred around a lord’s estate.
8. A person who held beliefs that were against the teachings of the Church.
9. A tax paid to the Church, usually one-tenth of a person’s income or produce.
10. A person who pledged loyalty and service to a lord in return for land (a fief).
12. A religious journey to a sacred place.
15. A fortified structure built for defence and residence by nobility.
17. A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service.