Medieval Europe Formative

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  1. 2. The formal expulsion of an individual from the Catholic Church, denying them access to the sacraments and considered a severe punishment in medieval times.
  2. 6. A French heroine and military leader who played a key role in the Hundred Years' War, rallying French troops and inspiring national pride before being captured and executed by the English.
  3. 8. Germanic tribes who settled in England from the 5th century onwards, forming the basis of English culture and society.
  4. 9. A devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, resulting in widespread death and social upheaval.
  5. 10. Non-religious; pertaining to worldly matters rather than spiritual or religious ones.
  6. 12. A peasant bound to the land in medieval Europe, obligated to work for the lord and unable to leave without permission.
  7. 14. A document signed in 1215 in England, limiting the power of the monarchy and establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to the law.
  8. 16. Norse seafarers who raided and traded across Europe during the medieval period, known for their exploration and expansion.
  9. 17. The period in medieval Spain where Christian kingdoms sought to reconquer territories from Muslim rule, culminating in the fall of Granada in 1492.
  10. 19. A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was granted by a lord in exchange for loyalty and military service from vassals.
Down
  1. 1. One of the two main branches of Christianity, with its center of authority in Constantinople
  2. 3. A large estate in medieval Europe, typically belonging to a noble or lord, encompassing villages, fields, and forests, where peasants lived and worked.
  3. 4. The decisive battle in 1066 where William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II of England, leading to the Norman conquest of England.
  4. 5. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, central to the religious and political authority in medieval Europe.
  5. 7. A series of religious wars sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the medieval period, aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and other holy sites from Muslim control.
  6. 11. The code of conduct followed by knights in medieval Europe, emphasizing virtues such as honor, bravery, and loyalty.
  7. 13. A city holy to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, central to the Crusades and a point of contention between various religious and political powers throughout history.
  8. 15. A person who held land under the feudal system and pledged loyalty and service to a lord in exchange for protection and support.
  9. 18. The code of conduct followed by medieval knights, emphasizing virtues such as honor, courage, and loyalty.