Metabolism and Nutrition

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Across
  1. 1. transfer of heat through physical contact
  2. 3. phosphorylated glucose produced in the first step of glycolysis
  3. 5. sum of all catabolic and anabolic reactions that take place in the body
  4. 7. reactions that create new molecules, also called anabolic reactions
  5. 11. coenzyme used to produce FADH2
  6. 14. oxygen, the recipient of the free hydrogen at the end of the electron transport chain
  7. 16. organic compounds required by the body to perform biochemical reactions like metabolism and bone, cell, and tissue growth
  8. 19. relative amount of body weight compared to the overall height; a BMI ranging from 18–24.9 is considered normal weight, 25–29.9 is considered overweight, and greater than 30 is considered obese
  9. 20. process that converts high-energy NADH and FADH2 into ATP
  10. 21. (β)-hydroxybutyrate primary ketone body produced in the body
  11. 22. enzyme located in the wall of the small intestine that activates trypsin
  12. 24. proenzyme form of trypsin
  13. 27. hormone released in the small intestine to aid in digestion
  14. 29. transfer of heat via infrared waves
  15. 31. (β)-oxidation fatty acid oxidation
  16. 33. also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
  17. 35. pancreatic enzyme that activates chymotrypsin and digests protein
  18. 37. form that glucose assumes when it is stored
  19. 39. enzyme that begins to break down proteins in the stomach
  20. 41. alternative source of energy when glucose is limited, created when too much acetyl CoA is created during fatty acid oxidation
  21. 44. smallest, monomeric sugar molecule
  22. 46. amount of heat it takes to raise 1 kg (1000 g) of water by 1 °C
  23. 47. process of breaking proteins into smaller peptides
  24. 50. high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis
  25. 52. vesicles containing cholesterol and triglycerides that transport lipids out of the intestinal cells and into the lymphatic and circulatory systems
  26. 54. created in the first step of the creation of ketone bodies from acetyl CoA
  27. 55. hormone that stimulates the release of pancreatic lipase and the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile salts
  28. 58. digestive enzyme that is found in the saliva and begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
  29. 59. also called the fasting state; the metabolic state occurring after digestion when food is no longer the body’s source of energy and it must rely on stored glycogen
  30. 60. series of metabolic reactions that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP
  31. 61. process of regulating the temperature of the body
  32. 63. synthesis of lipids that occurs in the liver or adipose tissues
  33. 64. amount of energy consumed minus the amount of energy expended by the body
  34. 65. cellular enzyme, found in the liver, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell
  35. 67. complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides
  36. 68. hormones that stimulate the breakdown of larger molecules
  37. 69. process that converts potentially toxic nitrogen waste into urea that can be eliminated through the kidneys
  38. 70. production of ATP from glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
  39. 71. forms in which proteases are stored and released to prevent the inappropriate digestion of the native proteins of the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine
  40. 72. enzymes released from the pancreas that digest lipids in the diet
Down
  1. 2. lipids, or fats, consisting of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone
  2. 4. also called the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle; converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
  3. 6. salts that are released from the liver in response to lipid ingestion and surround the insoluble triglycerides to aid in their conversion to monoglycerides and free fatty acids
  4. 8. loss of an electron
  5. 9. cellular enzyme, found in most tissues, that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate upon uptake into the cell
  6. 10. also called the fed state; the metabolic state occurring during the first few hours after ingesting food in which the body is digesting food and absorbing the nutrients
  7. 12. breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
  8. 13. pancreatic enzyme that digests protein
  9. 15. proenzyme that is activated by trypsin into chymotrypsin
  10. 17. reactions that break down larger molecules into their constituent parts
  11. 18. transfer of heat between the skin and air or water
  12. 23. hormones that stimulate the synthesis of new, larger molecules
  13. 25. second phase of glycolysis, during which energy is produced
  14. 26. process of glucose synthesis from pyruvate or other molecules
  15. 28. transfer of heat that occurs when water changes from a liquid to a gas
  16. 30. protein pore complex that creates ATP
  17. 32. three-carbon end product of glycolysis and starting material that is converted into acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle
  18. 34. gaining of an electron
  19. 36. reactions that build smaller molecules into larger molecules
  20. 38. first phase of glycolysis, in which two molecules of ATP are necessary to start the reaction
  21. 40. ATP production pathway in which electrons are passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient
  22. 42. external temperature at which the body does not expend any energy for thermoregulation, about 84 °F
  23. 43. CoA (HMG CoA)
  24. 45. transfer of an amine group from one molecule to another as a way to turn nitrogen waste into ammonia so that it can enter the urea cycle
  25. 48. pancreatic enzyme that digests protein
  26. 49. anion released into the small intestine to neutralize the pH of the food from the stomach
  27. 51. high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis
  28. 53. starting molecule of the Krebs cycle
  29. 56. also called the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, converts pyruvate into CO2 and high-energy FADH2, NADH, and ATP molecules
  30. 57. acid oxidation breakdown of fatty acids into smaller chain fatty acids and acetyl CoA
  31. 62. hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cells
  32. 66. inorganic compounds required by the body to ensure proper function of the body