Middle Ages Crossword

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Across
  1. 2. A body of laws established by the church to regulate its members and clergy.
  2. 5. A devastating plague that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing millions.
  3. 7. Peasants who were bound to the land they worked on and under the control of local lords within the feudal system.
  4. 10. A prolonged conflict between England and France over territorial claims and royal succession from 1337 to 1453.
  5. 14. An agreement in 1122 that resolved the Investiture Controversy by distinguishing the powers of the church and the emperor in appointing bishops.
  6. 17. A local church community within a specific area, often overseen by a priest.
  7. 18. The long Christian campaign to recapture territory in Spain from Muslim Moors, culminating in 1492.
  8. 19. The economic system of medieval Europe based on self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants depended on each other.
  9. 21. Land granted by a lord to a vassal under the feudal system in exchange for service and loyalty.
  10. 23. A political and social system in medieval Europe where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.
  11. 25. Groups of early European peoples, such as the Goths, Vandals, and Saxons, who played key roles in the fall of the Roman Empire.
  12. 26. Individuals holding beliefs that contradict official church teachings.
  13. 27. A French peasant girl who claimed divine guidance, led French troops to victories in the Hundred Years' War, and was later canonized as a saint.
  14. 29. The Pope who crowned Charlemagne as Emperor, thereby strengthening the bond between the church and the Frankish state.
Down
  1. 1. A 732 AD battle where Charles Martel led the Franks to victory against Muslim invaders, halting Islamic expansion into Western Europe.
  2. 3. Non-religious; relating to worldly matters rather than spiritual ones.
  3. 4. A 1215 document signed by King John of England, limiting royal power and establishing certain legal rights for nobles.
  4. 6. A church tax requiring Christians to pay a portion (often one-tenth) of their income or produce to support the church.
  5. 8. A set of regulations for monastic life created by St. Benedict that emphasized obedience, poverty, and devotion.
  6. 9. A powerful Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in Gaul (modern-day France) and significantly influenced medieval European culture.
  7. 11. King of the Franks who expanded his empire across Europe and was crowned Emperor of the Romans in 800 AD by Pope Leo III.
  8. 12. A system of law based on court decisions and customs, developed in England and forming the basis for many legal systems today.
  9. 13. A severe church penalty that excludes a person from participating in the sacraments and Christian community.
  10. 15. A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
  11. 16. Muslims of North African descent who ruled parts of Spain until the Reconquista.
  12. 17. The doctrine that the Pope has supreme authority over all secular rulers, including kings and emperors.
  13. 20. The practice where secular leaders appointed church officials, leading to conflicts with the church.
  14. 22. A church-led tribunal established to identify and punish heretics and enforce Catholic doctrine.
  15. 24. The Pope who initiated the First Crusade in 1095 by calling Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
  16. 28. The first king of the Franks to unite all Frankish tribes under one rule and convert to Christianity around 496 AD.