Middle ages vocabulary

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Across
  1. 3. the highest social class in pre-modern societies.
  2. 4. a supreme ruler, sovereign over a nation or a territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an emperor, to whom a king may be subject.
  3. 6. the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
  4. 10. The wife or widow of a king.
  5. 11. system a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service.
  6. 14. medieval stronghold, generally the residence of the king or lord of the territory in which it stands.
  7. 17. a depression surrounding a castle, city wall, or other fortification, usually but not always filled with water
  8. 18. a surviving memorial of something past.
  9. 19. a bridge that can be raised to block passage or to allow boats or ships to pass beneath it.
  10. 20. an unfree person, esp one bound to the land.
  11. 21. a general title for a prince or sovereign or for a feudal superior
  12. 22. the science and the art that deal with the use, display, and regulation of hereditary symbols employed to distinguish individuals, armies, institutions, and corporations.
  13. 25. a chivalrous competition or mock fight in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
  14. 28. a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince
  15. 31. a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family.
  16. 32. one invested with a fief in return for services to an overlord.
  17. 33. head of state for life or until abdication
Down
  1. 1. a person who served his lord as a mounted and heavily armed soldier.
  2. 2. who separates himself from society and lives either alone (a hermit or anchorite) or in an organized community in order to devote himself full time to religious life.
  3. 5. a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.
  4. 7. a sovereign male ruler of a continental European duchy.
  5. 8. a member of the household of a nobleman or a monarch employed to entertain guests during the medieval and Renaissance eras.
  6. 9. a church that contains the cathedra (Latin for 'seat') of a bishop
  7. 12. A defensive mound of earth or a wall with a broad top and usually a stone parapet; a wall-like ridge of earth, stones or debris; an embankment for defensive purpose.
  8. 13. Ordained individuals who perform spiritual and/or religious functions.
  9. 15. usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived.
  10. 16. a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.
  11. 17. anyone who is involved in business or trade.
  12. 23. a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
  13. 24. the heart of a medieval castle.
  14. 26. A tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer
  15. 27. a vassal's source of income, held from his lord in exchange for services.
  16. 29. a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at war in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  17. 30. rural poor, rural residents, serfs, agricultural laborers, and the “common” or. “simple” people.