Molecular Biology

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Across
  1. 5. A set of adjacent structural genes (prokaryotic) whose mRNA is synthesized in one piece, plus the adjacent regulatory signals that affect transcription of the structural genes. OpenReadingFrame A section of a sequenced piece of DNA that begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon; it is presumed to be the coding sequence of a gene.
  2. 6. A small, circular, extrachromosomal, self-replicating piece of DNA found in some bacteria.
  3. 8. A closed, double-stranded DNA molecule that is twisted on itself.
  4. 9. The portion of a gene that is actually translated into protein. [Eukaryotic genes only.]
  5. 11. Due to physical shearing or exposure to endogenous or exogenously added nucleases, DNA and RNA can become hydrolyzed or degraded to the oligonucleotide or single-nucleotide level.
  6. 13. A virus that infects bacteria
  7. 14. The process of complementary base pairing between two single strands of DNA, DNA and RNA, or sense and anti-sense RNA.
  8. 16. The process of generating a large number of identical DNA fragments, typically to produce a probe for a specific gene.
  9. 18. A regulatory sequence that can elevate levels of transcription from an adjacent promoter.
  10. 19. A short single-stranded DNA or RNA that can act as a start site for 3’ chain growth when bound to a single-stranded template.
  11. 23. A mutation that alters a codon so that it encodes a different amino acid.
  12. 24. The structural unit of nucleic acid consisting of phosphate, sugar and purine or pyrimidine base.
  13. 25. A genetic code in which some amino acids may be encoded by more than one codon each.
  14. 26. A term used to describe the opposite orientations of the two strands of a DNA double helix; the 5’ end of one strand aligns with the 3’ end of the other strand.
  15. 27. A string of adenine nucleotides added to mRNA after transcription.
  16. 28. The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
  17. 29. The enzymes(s) that catalyze formation of new phosphodiester bonds during replication.
  18. 30. frame The codon sequence that is determined by reading nucleotides in groups of three from some specific start codon.
Down
  1. 1. An enzyme that covalently joins two pieces of double stranded DNA.
  2. 2. The specific binding of adenine to thymidine (or uracil in RNA) and cytosine to guanine on opposite strands of DNA or RNA.
  3. 3. A nucleotide triplet in a tRNA molecule that aligns with a particular codon in mRNA under the influence of the ribosome so that the amino acid carried by the tRNA is inserted in a growing protein chain.
  4. 4. One of two copies of a gene.
  5. 7. The process of making double-stranded DNA single stranded.
  6. 10. site The part of protein that must be maintained in a specific shape if the protein is to be functional.
  7. 12. A sequence of three nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
  8. 15. Increasing the number of copies of a desired DNA segment.
  9. 17. A kind of mutation that results from the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide pair or pairs, causing a disruption of the translational reading frame.
  10. 20. Spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix.
  11. 21. The complete set of hereditary factors of an organism, contained in the chromosome.
  12. 22. A sequence of nucleotides that code for a product.
  13. 27. A regulator region a short distance from the 5’ end (transcription start site) of a gene that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase.